Showing posts with label techsore inspection services. Show all posts
Showing posts with label techsore inspection services. Show all posts

Sunday, April 2, 2017

TECHSHORE INSPECTION SERVICES :Procedure Of Liquid Penetrant Test



Preparing the metal surface

This step determines the effectiveness in getting the final result of defects. The surface of the metal to be inspected may contain a lot of impurities such as oil, water, grease, dust and many other impurities that prevent the Penetrant which is applied onto the surface in the coming step. These impurities may prevent the Penetrant to get into any defects .so usually the metal surface is cleaned off by using a liquid called as solvent. The solvent is usually available in pressurized spray can which is to be sprayed at an angle of 45 degrees keeping a one feet distance from the metal surface, hence the diluted impurities are cleaned off using a lint free towel in a single direction.

Application of Penetrant

The cleaned metal surface is then applied with Penetrant. Penetrant is a high contrast colored dye which is usually available in black, brown and red in color. The Penetrant is applied by any of the following methods which are spraying, brushing, immersing, and pouring. 

Dwell time

The applied Penetrant is let on the specimen for a specific time so that the Penetrant gets inside any open defects at the surface; which is called as the dwell time. The dwell time varies upon the type of defects. a gross defect may take a time between 3 to 10 minutes where as a tight crack may take a time from 10 to 30 minutes. The dwell time also depends upon the temperature, humidity and also size and shape of a discontinuity.

Cleaning the excess Penetrant

The Penetrant all over the surface except the Penetrant which got inside the defect area is an excess Penetrant. This Penetrant at the surface should be cleaned off for the further step. The excess Penetrant is cleaned off using a clean lint free towel and wiped in one side direction which is called as wipe-on or wipe-off technique.

Application of developer

The developer is a white contrast colored dye; it is applied to the metal surface where the excess Penetrant is cleaned off. The application mode involves spraying, dipping, and dusting. The main property of a developer is reverse capillary action or bleed out action or absorption property. 

Developing time and development of an indication

After applying the developer, it needs a time to absorb the Penetrant from the defect area. This time is referred to as the developing time. Normal developing time can be calculated as 1.5 * dwell time. After this particular time it can be noted that the Penetrant from any defect will be absorbed off by the developer to the surface and hence a clear indication can be seen.

Inspection 

Any defects present which is shown at the metal surface, is to be inspected under proper lighting.

Post cleaning

Finally the metal surface with Penetrant and developer should be cleaned off using solvent or cleaner 


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Location: 36/977A Kattunilath, Lissie Hospital Road, Kochi, Kerala 682018, India

Tuesday, January 31, 2017

Techshore Inspection Services : Reverse osmosis plant (RO Plant)



Reverse osmosis plant (RO Plant)

A reverse osmosis plant is a manufacturing plant which has the process of reverse osmosis process takes place. Modern reverse osmosis plant needs six kilowatt-hours of electricity to purify one cubic meter of water. The process which results in salty briny waste in a considerable amount. The main challenge for RO plants is to find the suitable ways to reduce energy consumption, use ecological energy sources, and improve the process of purification and to renovate in the area of waste management to deal with the waste. Self-contained water treatment plants using the process of reverse osmosis, generally called reverse osmosis water purification units.

Reverse osmosis is a process that any industry uses to clean water, whether for industrial process applications or to convert briny water, to clean up wastewater and to recover its salts from industrial processes.
Reverse osmosis cannot be removing all contaminants from water as dissolved gases -dissolved carbon dioxide, oxygen and not being removed. But reverse osmosis is very effective at removing some other products such as trihalomethanes, solvents, some pesticides and other volatile organic compounds.
Reverse osmosis process:-In the reverse osmosis process cellophane or semipermeable like membranes separate purified water from adulterated water. RO is when a pressure is applied to the concentrated side of the semipermeable membrane forcing the purified water into the diluted side, the rejected impurities or contaminants from the concentrated side being washed away in the reject water. RO can also work as an ultra-filter removing particles such as micro-organisms that may be too large to pass through the pores or small holes of the membrane. 
The different stages of operation in RO plant shown in figures.


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Location: 36/977A Kattunilath, Lissie Hospital Road, Kochi, Kerala 682018, India

Thursday, December 22, 2016

Classifications of Air conditioning systems




Air conditioning is the process of removal of heat from a confined space, obviously cooling the air, and removal of humidity. This process is used to create a fine comfortable interior environment, typically for human beings or animals. Air conditioning is also used to dehumidify the rooms filled with heat-producing electronic devices, such as computer servers, amplifiers, and display and store artwork. Air conditioners are using a fan to distributing the conditioned air to an occupied space such as a building to improve thermal comfort and by improving indoor air quality. 
Air conditioning can refer that the form of technology that modifies the condition of air such as heating, cooling, de-humidification or humidification, cleaning, ventilation, or air movement. In other term, though, "air conditioning" refers to systems which cooled air. In construction based, a complete system of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning is referred to as heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC).
Air conditioning system mainly classified into two; that is ductable and non-ductable system. Ductable system which circulation of cold air to the different occupied spaces by the aid of duct. In non-ductable system which have no ducts and directly installed to room. The ductable system again sub divided into packaged air conditioning unit and central plant. The non-ductable system sub divides into split air conditioning and window air conditioning system.
The central plant divided into DX system and chilled water system. The split air conditioning system sub divide into floor mounted, ceiling mounted and wall mounted system. The ceiling mounted system divided into three, exposed, hide-way type and cassette type. DX system and chilled water system commonly divided into vapour compression unit and vapour absorption unit. The vapour compression type divided into reciprocating, centrifugal and screw type. Vapour absorption type system divided into hot water fired, direct fired and steam fired. The hierarchy of the classification of the system is shown in the below diagram.  
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Location: 36/977A Kattunilath, Lissie Hospital Road, Kochi, Kerala 682018, India

Wednesday, December 7, 2016

OPERATION OF HEATER TREATER


OPERATION OF HEATER TREATER


  1. It is a horizontal vessel employing a vertical flow pattern. Heater treater employs method of heating , chemical action , electrical coalescence , water washing of oil and settling for demulsification of oil .
  2. Movement of fluid through heater treater is controlled by a system of differential pressure combined with static heat .
  3. Heater treater vessel is divided into four parts .
    i  . Inlet degassing section
    ii . Heating section .
    iii. Differential oil control chamber .
    iv. Coalescing section

INLET DEGASSING SECTION

Oil mixed with demulsifying chemical enters the heater treater through degassing section , above the fire tubes . Free gas is liberated from the flow stream and is equalized across the entire degassing and heating areas of the treater . The  degassing section , is separated from the heating section by baffles .The fluid travels downward from the degassing area and enters the heating section under the fire tubes through multiple orifice distributors .

HEATING SECTION

Heating section consist of a fire tube bent at 180°.
In 6ft. × 15 ft . heater treater , there is one tube ; in 8ft. × 20 ft . heater treater , there are two tubes . The constant level in this section is maintained by weir height . Oil enters this section from bottom of degassing section and passes through  heater at bottom and washing action takes place and free water and solids fall out of the oil stream . The water level in this section is controlled by a weighted , displacement type interface float which operates a water discharge control valve by instrument air acting on diaphragm . The oil allows water flow upward from the distributors section, surrounding the fire tubes , where the adequate temperature is attained .The increase in temperature of the oil releases some additional gas . The heat released some additional gas . The heat released gas then joints the free gas from the inlet section and is discharged from the treater through a gas back pressure control valve .

DIFFERENTIAL OIL CONTROL CHAMBER

The fluid which is heated should be transferd from the heating section over the fixed weir into a differential chamber for oil control , which contains a liquid level control float . The fluid travels downwards to near the bottom of the differential oil control chamber where the opening to the coalescing section distributors are located .

COALESCING SECTION (ELECTRICAL CHAMBER )

Heater treater operates under a high voltage potential on the electrodes for merging of the water droplets in the final stage of processing . The electrodes are suspended on the insulated hanger from the upper portion of vessel . The ‘Ground’ electrode is made up of solid steel hangers to provide proper grounding with the steel of the treater .
An externally mounted , oil immersed high voltage transformer is designed such that to provide the proper power supply to the electrodes .The transformer uses 240 volts in primary and supplies 16500 volts in secondary .The secondary unit having a high voltage is connected to charged electrode through a high voltage entrance which is specially designed in the form of a bushing for insulation .Secondary is also connected to voltmeter and external pilot indicator light .The oil and entrained water enter the coalescing section from the differential oil control chamber through multiple ,full length , metered distributor .As the oil and transformed water come into contact with each other the electrical field produced in the grid area, final coalescing of the water take place .
The water supply which is falling back into the water area at the bottom and the clean oil starts continuously rises to the top portion, and finally it enters at the collector and is comes out through the clean oil outlet of the control valve .

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Location: 36/977A Kattunilath, Lissie Hospital Road, Kochi, Kerala 682018, India

Wednesday, November 23, 2016

HEATER TREATERS and DESALTERS

 HEATER-TREATERS

A heater treater is normally used in treating oil emulsions. Oil treating equipment generally makes use of different methods such as  mechanical, thermal and gravity. Some other times it may depends on certain chemical or electrical methods to break emulsions .
Heater treaters can be vertical or horizontal design. The size is depend upon the volume of the oil and water to be handled.
Treaters equipped with electrodes are normally horizontal in design. They are refered to as electrostatic coalescers or chem.- electric heaters .In some applications these treaters are the most desirable because they treat at a temperature lower than the conventional heater-treater ., saving fuel and conserving oil gravity .

DESALTERS


Desalters are similar to oil treaters in design and function .Desalters function by using fresh or blackish water are used to dilute the brine and increase the volume of salt water in the oil so that they will be more easily precipitated .Desalters generally go for electrostatic precipitation method. 
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Location: 36/977A Kattunilath, Lissie Hospital Road, Kochi, Kerala 682018, India

Tuesday, November 22, 2016

PRINCIPLES OF OIL AND GAS SEPARATION

Crude oil flowing out  of  oil  well  contains  gas, H2O and sediments ,  inorganic matter like sand  in  addition to the  oil  . Before crude oil is dispatched  to the refinery  by ship or pipeline major   quantity of water,  sediments and gas need to be removed  .This is achieved through  a series of unit operations  at the processing centre or platform  .

3- PHASE SEPERATOR

As  the name indicates in this vessel operates with  3  phases , a gas  phase , oil phase and water phase  . The separator may be  horizontal or vertical in  shape  . In case of vertical  vessel crude oil enters near the  middle of  the  vertical vessel , in the case  of  horizontal vessel  . In  case of horizontal vessel entry  is at one end of  the vessel .The  sketch of the horizontal vessel showing the interna parts and and flow  pattern  .
At the entry point inside the vessel a  deflector  plate or  (impringe  plate )  is provided to arrest the forward velocity of the incoming fluid .At  this point itself majority of the oil water  mix is separated from the gas  however the gas will still contain  some entrapped oil  and  water particles  .The gas then passes  through a  coalescing plates in the packing liquid  particle face resistance to the  forward  movement  and slow down  .They  coalesce together and  became heavy  and fall  down  and get  separated from gas .The gas then moves forward towards the outlet at the mouth of the gas outlet inside the vessel .
            A  mist  eliminator  is provided  to remove the  minute liquid particles that may  escape  the  coalescing  plates assembly .Oil and water reflected by the  plate falls down under gravity into the bottom  of the vessel . As the oil mixture moves forward oil moves upward and water moves downwards . The length  of the vessel is such  that  there is sufficient residual  time for both liquid to separate into different layers  .At the far end of the vessel  a weir plate is provided oil overflows through the weir plate and it is readily removed  from the outlet pipe  . The  H2O  outlet is the upstream of the weir plate  and readily removed through the water outlet  . The weir plate helps to segregate   the  oil water outlet and ensures more liquid  level at the bottom of  the separator  and prevent the gas from they passing the coalescing  plates  ,  other will be an oil and  water controller  .

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Location: 36/977A Kattunilath, Lissie Hospital Road, Kochi, Kerala 682018, India

Monday, November 21, 2016

BLOW OUT PREVENTER (BOP)

BLOW  OUT  PREVENTER   (BOP)

It  is a large specialized  valve used to seal  control and monitor oil and gas wells . BOP’s where developed to copup extreme  eratic  pressure  and uncontrolled  flow (formation vick ) from the well reservoir during drilling . kicks can load to potentially catastrophic damage or eratic called blow out .
               In addition to control the down hole (occurring in the drill hole ) pressure and antiflow of  oil and gas , BOP ‘s are intended to prevent tubing (eg: drill pipe and well casing ).Tools  and drilling fluids  are being blown  out of the well when  blow out threatens .
              BOP’s are  critical  to the safety  of the crew , rig equipment system  and  environment and the monitoring and maintenance of well integrity. These BOP’s are intended to be a fail-safe  device. The  BOP  is secured to  the drilling  platform and is used during the drilling process  to monitor and control the  the flow andprerssures of oil and gas that fluctuate during drilling. The BOP is to prevent damage to the rig and crew in the event of blow

RAMS  IN BLOW OUT PREVENTER

BOP  is  usually  consist  of  a  variety  of  different  rams  stacked  vertically .  Each  ram  in  the  stack  has  specific  function  that  is  used  in  different situations .A ram-type BOP works with a pair of opposing steel plungers called rams. The rams are again extend toward the center of the wellbore in order to restrict flow or allows opening in order to permit flow. The interior portion as well as the top faces of the rams are connected with some materials made up of elastometric seals called packers that press against each other, against the wellbore, and around the tube which is running inside the wellbore. Outlets at the sides of the BOP housing (body) are used for connection to choke and kill lines or valves.



  1. PIPE  RAMS
    The  pipe  rams  close  around  the outside  of the drill pipe  restricting , the  flow in the  space between  the drill and the wellbore also  known as the annulas .
  2. BLIND  RAMS
    The  blind  rams can seal off the  well  if  there  is no pipe in  the  well .
  3. BLIND  SHEAR RAMS
    The  blind  shear rams can seal off  the  well  even when there is a pipe  in the well  by  cutting through the pipe



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Location: 36/977A Kattunilath, Lissie Hospital Road, Kochi, Kerala 682018, India

Monday, November 14, 2016

PROPERTIES OF CRUDE


DENSITY AND API GRAVITY

Density : Mass per unit volume
API Gravity : Crude density is commonly measured in API Gravity

FLASH POINT

The lowest   temperature at which a volatile liquid can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air.

RVP (REID VAPOUR PRESSURE)

It is the pressure exerted on the surface of the crude at 100f under specific conditions for higher vapor loss, transportation loss is also higher. The range normally lies between 2-15 psi. It is the sum of hydrocarbon vapor, water vapor and air.

BS & W (BASIC SEDIMENT AND WATER))

It is a measure of the amount of non hydrocarbons (sand, sediment etc) and water. A standard quantity of crude oil is taken in a calibrated tube using a centrifuge, the sediment are allowed to settle. The amount of sediments is directly read off the tube. The acceptable range of BS&W generally less than 0.5%.
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Location: 36/977A Kattunilath, Lissie Hospital Road, Kochi, Kerala 682018, India

PETROLEUM EXPLORATION TECHNIQUES


GRAVIMETRIC SURVEY

Magnitude of gravitational pull of underground rock varies directly to its density. Sedimentary rocks at oil reservoir have different gravitational attraction.

MAGNETIC SURVEY

Oil bearing sedimentary rocks lie on the top of ignitious rocks. The rocks that contain higher concentration of iron and other magnetic material.So the magnometer detects minute difference in magnetic properties of various rock formation. And help to find rocks or structures containing oil.

SEISMIC SURVEY

Controlled exploration is made to shallow holes. Seismograph measure the velocity of shock waves. Some waves are reflected back  which are determined by geologists.  
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Location: 36/977A Kattunilath, Lissie Hospital Road, Kochi, Kerala 682018, India

Sunday, November 13, 2016

ORGANIC THEORY OF ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM


There are two theories regarding the origin of petroleum


  1. Inorganic Theory
  2. Organic Theory


INORGANIC   THEORY

According to this theory petroleum  products orginated from the carbon available inside the mantle of the earth. Carbon reacted with water and hydrogen inside the earth in the presence of some metals that functioned as catalyst. This happened due to the high temperature existing at that time. Now this theory is more or less discarded and the organic theory is found accepted.

ORGANIC THEORY

Organic matter is the dead remains of plant and animal organisms. As these organisms died they went down to the shallow sea bed. Through millions of years rivers flowed down to these sea beds and were covered with mud and slit. Over a period of time they were covered with mud and slit and got buried deep and deeper. Once the organic matter got buried  below, they did not decay due to lack of contact with atmosphere.

CHEMISTRY
Oil and gas are made of a mixture of different hydrocarbons. As the name suggests these are large molecules made up of hydrogen atoms attached to a backbone of carbon.

PLANKTON
Most oil and gas starts life as microscopic plants and animals that live in the ocean.

BLOOMS
Today, most plankton can be found where deep ocean currents rise to the surface. This up willing water is rich in nutrients and causes the plankton to bloom.

ON THE SEA BED
When the plankton dies it rains down on sea bed to form an organic mush. If there are any animals on the sea bed these will feed on the organic particles.

BLACK SHALE
However, if there is no oxygen in the water then animals cannot survive and the organic mush accumulates. Where sediments contain more than 5% organic matter, it eventually forms a rock known as Black shale.

COOKING
As black shale is buried, it is heated. organic matter is first changed by the increase in temperature into kerosene, which is a solid form of hydrocarbon. around 90°c , it is changed in to a liquid state, which we call oil. around 150°c, it is changed into a gas. a rock that has produced oil and gas in this way is known as a source rock

MIGRATION
Hot oil and gas is less dense than the source rock in which it occurs Oil and gas migrate   upwards up through the rock in much the same way that theair bubbles of an underwater diver rise to the surface. The rising  oil and gas eventually gets trapped in pockets in the rock called reservoirs.

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Location: 36/977A Kattunilath, Lissie Hospital Road, Kochi, Kerala 682018, India

Sunday, November 6, 2016

A,B,C SCANNING MODES

A SCAN

Ultrasonic testing can be done using various modes, A scan is most widely used among them,wich can be called as one of the common testing techniqes in manual ultrasonic testing.the reflected energy either from a defect or the back wall of a specimen are displayed as signals on the CRT display.
there are two axis on the flaw detector screen wich is x- axis and y- axis. the x-axis represents the time or distance where as the y-axis represents the signal amplitude or the energy of the returning echoes from the specimen.
In this system the size of a defect can be analysed by looking into the amplitude of the returning echoes and defect location can be understood by the positioning of the echoes on the time or distance base, and also type of the defect can be analysed by giving a lateral as well as swivel scan on the test material and thus it produces the corresponding shapes in echoes wich helps in easily identifying the type of defect.
Overall we can say that by this method you can get  size ,shape and depth of the defect using A-scan method.


B SCAN

The B-scan system gives us  a cross sectional view or end view of the test material under scan.here the  depth of the defects can its linear dimensions can be accurately evaluated.the time taken by the sound wave to travel is displayed on the y-axis and the position of the probe placement is shown on the x-axis of the display.

C SCAN 

This method gives us a plan view and also size of the total test specimen.the defects are shown as a contrasting areas on a printout wich is related to the probes movement over the surface.



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Location: 36/977A Kattunilath, Lissie Hospital Road, Kochi, Kerala 682018, India
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