Classifications of Air conditioning systems

Air conditioning is the process of removal of heat from a confined space, obviously cooling the air, and removal of humidity. This process is used to create a fine comfortable interior environment, typically for human beings or animals. Air conditioning is also used to dehumidify the rooms filled with heat-producing electronic devices, such as computer servers, amplifiers, and display and store artwork. Air conditioners are using a fan to distributing the conditioned air to an occupied space such as a building to improve thermal comfort and by improving indoor air quality. 

Air conditioning can refer that the form of technology that modifies the condition of air such as heating, cooling, de-humidification or humidification, cleaning, ventilation, or air movement. In other term, though, "air conditioning" refers to systems which cooled air. In construction based, a complete system of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning is referred to as heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC).

Air conditioning system mainly classified into two; that is ductable and non-ductable system. Ductable system which circulation of cold air to the different occupied spaces by the aid of duct. In non-ductable system which have no ducts and directly installed to room. The ductable system again sub divided into packaged air conditioning unit and central plant. The non-ductable system sub divides into split air conditioning and window air conditioning system.

The central plant divided into DX system and chilled water system. The split air conditioning system sub divide into floor mounted, ceiling mounted and wall mounted system. The ceiling mounted system divided into three, exposed, hide-way type and cassette type. DX system and chilled water system commonly divided into vapour compression unit and vapour absorption unit. The vapour compression type divided into reciprocating, centrifugal and screw type. Vapour absorption type system divided into hot water fired, direct fired and steam fired. The hierarchy of the classification of the system is shown in the below diagram.  

PROPERTIES OF CRUDE

DENSITY AND API GRAVITY

Density : Mass per unit volume
API Gravity : Crude density is commonly measured in API Gravity

FLASH POINT

The lowest   temperature at which a volatile liquid can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air.

RVP (REID VAPOUR PRESSURE)

It is the pressure exerted on the surface of the crude at 100f under specific conditions for higher vapor loss, transportation loss is also higher. The range normally lies between 2-15 psi. It is the sum of hydrocarbon vapor, water vapor and air.

BS & W (BASIC SEDIMENT AND WATER))

It is a measure of the amount of non hydrocarbons (sand, sediment etc) and water. A standard quantity of crude oil is taken in a calibrated tube using a centrifuge, the sediment are allowed to settle. The amount of sediments is directly read off the tube. The acceptable range of BS&W generally less than 0.5%.

PETROLEUM EXPLORATION TECHNIQUES

GRAVIMETRIC SURVEY

Magnitude of gravitational pull of underground rock varies directly to its density. Sedimentary rocks at oil reservoir have different gravitational attraction.

MAGNETIC SURVEY

Oil bearing sedimentary rocks lie on the top of ignitious rocks. The rocks that contain higher concentration of iron and other magnetic material.So the magnometer detects minute difference in magnetic properties of various rock formation. And help to find rocks or structures containing oil.

SEISMIC SURVEY

Controlled exploration is made to shallow holes. Seismograph measure the velocity of shock waves. Some waves are reflected back  which are determined by geologists.  

A,B,C SCANNING MODES

A SCAN

Ultrasonic testing can be done using various modes, A scan is most widely used among them,wich can be called as one of the common testing techniqes in manual ultrasonic testing.the reflected energy either from a defect or the back wall of a specimen are displayed as signals on the CRT display.
there are two axis on the flaw detector screen wich is x- axis and y- axis. the x-axis represents the time or distance where as the y-axis represents the signal amplitude or the energy of the returning echoes from the specimen.
In this system the size of a defect can be analysed by looking into the amplitude of the returning echoes and defect location can be understood by the positioning of the echoes on the time or distance base, and also type of the defect can be analysed by giving a lateral as well as swivel scan on the test material and thus it produces the corresponding shapes in echoes wich helps in easily identifying the type of defect.
Overall we can say that by this method you can get  size ,shape and depth of the defect using A-scan method.

B SCAN

The B-scan system gives us  a cross sectional view or end view of the test material under scan.here the  depth of the defects can its linear dimensions can be accurately evaluated.the time taken by the sound wave to travel is displayed on the y-axis and the position of the probe placement is shown on the x-axis of the display.

C SCAN 

This method gives us a plan view and also size of the total test specimen.the defects are shown as a contrasting areas on a printout wich is related to the probes movement over the surface.

Pigging Technology 2013

What is circular magnetization and how do we do it ?

Circular Magnetization 

Circular magnetization id the process of creating circular magnetic fields .Circular magnetic fields are produced by passing current through the part or by placing the part in a strong circular magnet field . 

Methods to produce Circular electric field : 

1. A headshot on a wet horizontal  test unit and the use of prods are several common methods of injecting current in a part to produce a circular magnetic field
2. Placing parts on a central conductors carrying high current is another way to produce the field

HEAD SHOT METHOD 

The units have head and tail stocks (similar to a lathe) with electrical contact that the part can be clamped between.   A circular magnetic field is produced with direct magnetization. 

The tail stock can be moved and locked into place to accommodate parts of various lengths. 

Advanced reference : http://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1214/ML12146A182.pdf

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ASPECTS OF OIL AND GAS JOBS – TECHSHORE RECOMMENDATIONS

We all want the best spice of life. In this regard, some of us are working here and there in search of jobs. Some do businesses and some do jobs to carry out their usual expenditures. However in the job terminology, the chances are merely strong. You can get the outer surface meet with the glory. A person can find oil and gas jobs easily nowadays due to the internet and other sources.

OIL AND GAS JOBS SCAMMING:

While you are on the route to find out the oil and gas jobs you may be victimised by the fake options. On the internet, you will meet with the bundle of websites and persons who will offer you the job in the oil and gas industry. They will also create a sense of satisfaction in you by offering the free visa and other expenditures not being included. However after this, they will also tell you that they have some duty charges to make the track for you. Or they will try to grab the money from you in many different ways. This condition is so worse and is expanding nowadays. the websites or people who are making other fools come in the term of the scamming.

OIL AND GAS JOBS BEST WAY TO FIND:

However, you might get shocked by the scamming about the oil and gas jobs. But don’t worry there is also an alternative for this issue. To avoid from scamming you can make the clarification of the job by asking questions from them. The best way is to visit the official website of the company and check their careers. If that option is not viable then you can check out the other options. Like that making the verification and the checking the validity of the job. You can make surety of jobs by checking at different websites or many authentic ways.

OIL AND GAS JOBS AWARE:

Before you apply for any of the jobs you should be able to cope up with the necessary skills which are required by the offering authority. If you have a lack of skills then you can do courses or training by the techsore. It’s an awarding body in the field of energy. They have also many courses and training available for oil and gas. Their courses will lead you through the journey of the oil and gas jobs for sure.

Source : http://skambo.info/aspects-oil-gas-jobs/