Techshore Institute Blogs about Best Technical and Management Courses: Mechanical

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Monday, April 3, 2017

TECHSHORE INSPECTION SERVICES :Procedure of magnetic particle testing

SURFACE PREPARATION

The surface should be prepared in the initial step in such a way that the material surface should be grinded or machined which may mask the defects due to them. the adjacent areas and also the inspection areas should be made dry and free from lint, oil, dirt and dust which may disturb the examination. Cleaning can be conducted by several methods such as organic solvent cleaning, acid cleaning, etching cleaning etc.

TEMPERATURE CHECKING

Maintain the temperature on the test material to be inspected as 5-52 degree Celsius

APPLICATION OF IRON PARTICLE

The particles are available in dry and wet format. the dry powder usually stored in a holder is dusted off at the metal surface to provide a thin layer, any excess powder at the surface may be blowed off using a blower. The wet particles are applied by spray mode. both the particles either dry or wet are applied when the material is being magnetized.

VERIFICATION OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD

The field which is being applied is to be verified using a field indicator or a pie gauge.pie gauge made-up of steel has a total thickness of 3.25mm with a copper coating on one side, where as on the other side several lines each of a depth 0.8mm can be seen.pie gauge can be used to check the field strength and sensitivity of the magnetic field. yoke is placed parallel to any of the lines on the indicator on which the magnetic particles are dusted. then the yoke is activated and it distributes magnetic field in the indicator, then the powder is blown off. then if the powders are accumulated on the lines except the line parallel to which the yoke is placed the field direction could be confirmed and clearly defined lines of particles defines the sensitivity.

MAGNETIZING CURRENT

AC or DC current is used to spread the magnetic field

CALIBRATION

Ac or Dc mode is to be calibrated before inspection.AC mode is calibrated by placing the yoke on an iron block which weighs about 4.5 kg and lifting up and for DC mode by placing the yoke on the same block but weighing about 18.1kg and lifting up.

DIRECTION OF THE APPLIED MAGNETIC FIELD

Magnetic field is applied on the specimen .test material should be inspected in two ways yoke in such a way that the second time inspection should be totally perpendicular to the first, so that no defects are missed.

INSPECTION AND INDICATION

The defects on the specimen are to be examined and filtered according to the customer requirements.

EVALUATION

Identified defects should be examined under the acceptance standards of the applicable code section.non relevant indication are to be considered as relevant even after the surface of the material are grinded ,smoothened and still visible.

MAPPING AND RECORDS OF INDICATIONS

The defects which are identified to be relevant are to be marked using suitable markers for further repairs. the final results are recorder on MT inspection records which includes size and shape of the test material, type of magnetization ,equipment used to apply magnetic field, type of magnetic particle used and sketches indicating the coverage.

Saturday, February 4, 2017

Techshore Inspection Services : KITCHEN HOOD VENTILATION SYSTEM

KITCHEN HOOD VENTILATION SYSTEM

A Kitchen hood is a device containing a mechanical fan that hangs above the stove or cook top in the kitchen to provide proper ventilation inside a kitchen.
It removes airborne grease, combustion products, fumes, smoke, odours, heat, and steam as a result of cooking from the air by evacuation of the air and filtration. Also it provides the provision for the fresh air to enter.

The main component of a kitchen hood ventilation system is the hood which contains a fan or a blower which is driven by electricity. The blower can be placed either inside the hood or outside the kitchen according to the size of the hood.

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON INLET & EXHAUST

1. Single skinned

2. Double skinned

OBJECTIVE OF A KITCHEN HOOD VENTILATION SYSTEM

Remove fumes as a result of cooking at the source, i.e. as close as to the cooking equipment as possible, the ideal distance between hob and a hood is 0.6 to 0.9 meters.
Remove excess hot air and introduce fresh clean air so that a comfortable environment can be achieved. Inadequate ventilation can cause stress and suffocation for occupants, contributing to unsafe systems of work and high staff turnover.
Provide sufficient oxygen for complete combustion and prevent the risk ofaccumulating inside the room.
Should be easy to clean, fat residues and blocked air inlets should be avoided which lead to loss of efficiency and increase risk of fire.
Should be vibration free and noise free operation.

Electrostatic-Kitchen-Exhaust-Air-Filter-Oil-Grease-Precipitator.jpg

Thursday, December 22, 2016

Classifications of Air conditioning systems

Air conditioning is the process of removal of heat from a confined space, obviously cooling the air, and removal of humidity. This process is used to create a fine comfortable interior environment, typically for human beings or animals. Air conditioning is also used to dehumidify the rooms filled with heat-producing electronic devices, such as computer servers, amplifiers, and display and store artwork. Air conditioners are using a fan to distributing the conditioned air to an occupied space such as a building to improve thermal comfort and by improving indoor air quality.

Air conditioning can refer that the form of technology that modifies the condition of air such as heating, cooling, de-humidification or humidification, cleaning, ventilation, or air movement. In other term, though, "air conditioning" refers to systems which cooled air. In construction based, a complete system of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning is referred to as heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC).

Air conditioning system mainly classified into two; that is ductable and non-ductable system. Ductable system which circulation of cold air to the different occupied spaces by the aid of duct. In non-ductable system which have no ducts and directly installed to room. The ductable system again sub divided into packaged air conditioning unit and central plant. The non-ductable system sub divides into split air conditioning and window air conditioning system.

The central plant divided into DX system and chilled water system. The split air conditioning system sub divide into floor mounted, ceiling mounted and wall mounted system. The ceiling mounted system divided into three, exposed, hide-way type and cassette type. DX system and chilled water system commonly divided into vapour compression unit and vapour absorption unit. The vapour compression type divided into reciprocating, centrifugal and screw type. Vapour absorption type system divided into hot water fired, direct fired and steam fired. The hierarchy of the classification of the system is shown in the below diagram.

Wednesday, December 7, 2016

OPERATION OF HEATER TREATER

It is a horizontal vessel employing a vertical flow pattern. Heater treater employs method of heating , chemical action , electrical coalescence , water washing of oil and settling for demulsification of oil .
Movement of fluid through heater treater is controlled by a system of differential pressure combined with static heat .
Heater treater vessel is divided into four parts .

i . Inlet degassing section

ii . Heating section .

iii. Differential oil control chamber .

iv. Coalescing section

INLET DEGASSING SECTION

Oil mixed with demulsifying chemical enters the heater treater through degassing section , above the fire tubes . Free gas is liberated from the flow stream and is equalized across the entire degassing and heating areas of the treater . The degassing section , is separated from the heating section by baffles .The fluid travels downward from the degassing area and enters the heating section under the fire tubes through multiple orifice distributors .

HEATING SECTION

Heating section consist of a fire tube bent at 180°.

In 6ft. × 15 ft . heater treater , there is one tube ; in 8ft. × 20 ft . heater treater , there are two tubes . The constant level in this section is maintained by weir height . Oil enters this section from bottom of degassing section and passes through heater at bottom and washing action takes place and free water and solids fall out of the oil stream . The water level in this section is controlled by a weighted , displacement type interface float which operates a water discharge control valve by instrument air acting on diaphragm . The oil allows water flow upward from the distributors section, surrounding the fire tubes , where the adequate temperature is attained .The increase in temperature of the oil releases some additional gas . The heat released some additional gas . The heat released gas then joints the free gas from the inlet section and is discharged from the treater through a gas back pressure control valve .

DIFFERENTIAL OIL CONTROL CHAMBER

The fluid which is heated should be transferd from the heating section over the fixed weir into a differential chamber for oil control , which contains a liquid level control float . The fluid travels downwards to near the bottom of the differential oil control chamber where the opening to the coalescing section distributors are located .

COALESCING SECTION (ELECTRICAL CHAMBER )

Heater treater operates under a high voltage potential on the electrodes for merging of the water droplets in the final stage of processing . The electrodes are suspended on the insulated hanger from the upper portion of vessel . The ‘Ground’ electrode is made up of solid steel hangers to provide proper grounding with the steel of the treater .

An externally mounted , oil immersed high voltage transformer is designed such that to provide the proper power supply to the electrodes .The transformer uses 240 volts in primary and supplies 16500 volts in secondary .The secondary unit having a high voltage is connected to charged electrode through a high voltage entrance which is specially designed in the form of a bushing for insulation .Secondary is also connected to voltmeter and external pilot indicator light .The oil and entrained water enter the coalescing section from the differential oil control chamber through multiple ,full length , metered distributor .As the oil and transformed water come into contact with each other the electrical field produced in the grid area, final coalescing of the water take place .

The water supply which is falling back into the water area at the bottom and the clean oil starts continuously rises to the top portion, and finally it enters at the collector and is comes out through the clean oil outlet of the control valve .

Wednesday, November 23, 2016

HEATER TREATERS and DESALTERS

HEATER-TREATERS

A heater treater is normally used in treating oil emulsions. Oil treating equipment generally makes use of different methods such as mechanical, thermal and gravity. Some other times it may depends on certain chemical or electrical methods to break emulsions .

Heater treaters can be vertical or horizontal design. The size is depend upon the volume of the oil and water to be handled.

Treaters equipped with electrodes are normally horizontal in design. They are refered to as electrostatic coalescers or chem.- electric heaters .In some applications these treaters are the most desirable because they treat at a temperature lower than the conventional heater-treater ., saving fuel and conserving oil gravity .

DESALTERS

Desalters are similar to oil treaters in design and function .Desalters function by using fresh or blackish water are used to dilute the brine and increase the volume of salt water in the oil so that they will be more easily precipitated .Desalters generally go for electrostatic precipitation method.

Sunday, November 13, 2016

ORGANIC THEORY OF ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM

There are two theories regarding the origin of petroleum

Inorganic Theory
Organic Theory

INORGANIC THEORY

According to this theory petroleum products orginated from the carbon available inside the mantle of the earth. Carbon reacted with water and hydrogen inside the earth in the presence of some metals that functioned as catalyst. This happened due to the high temperature existing at that time. Now this theory is more or less discarded and the organic theory is found accepted.

ORGANIC THEORY

Organic matter is the dead remains of plant and animal organisms. As these organisms died they went down to the shallow sea bed. Through millions of years rivers flowed down to these sea beds and were covered with mud and slit. Over a period of time they were covered with mud and slit and got buried deep and deeper. Once the organic matter got buried below, they did not decay due to lack of contact with atmosphere.

CHEMISTRY
Oil and gas are made of a mixture of different hydrocarbons. As the name suggests these are large molecules made up of hydrogen atoms attached to a backbone of carbon.

PLANKTON
Most oil and gas starts life as microscopic plants and animals that live in the ocean.

BLOOMS
Today, most plankton can be found where deep ocean currents rise to the surface. This up willing water is rich in nutrients and causes the plankton to bloom.

ON THE SEA BED
When the plankton dies it rains down on sea bed to form an organic mush. If there are any animals on the sea bed these will feed on the organic particles.

BLACK SHALE
However, if there is no oxygen in the water then animals cannot survive and the organic mush accumulates. Where sediments contain more than 5% organic matter, it eventually forms a rock known as Black shale.

COOKING
As black shale is buried, it is heated. organic matter is first changed by the increase in temperature into kerosene, which is a solid form of hydrocarbon. around 90°c , it is changed in to a liquid state, which we call oil. around 150°c, it is changed into a gas. a rock that has produced oil and gas in this way is known as a source rock

MIGRATION
Hot oil and gas is less dense than the source rock in which it occurs Oil and gas migrate upwards up through the rock in much the same way that theair bubbles of an underwater diver rise to the surface. The rising oil and gas eventually gets trapped in pockets in the rock called reservoirs.

Sunday, September 4, 2016

What is circular magnetization and how do we do it ?

Circular Magnetization

Circular magnetization id the process of creating circular magnetic fields .Circular magnetic fields are produced by passing current through the part or by placing the part in a strong circular magnet field .

Methods to produce Circular electric field :

A headshot on a wet horizontal test unit and the use of prods are several common methods of injecting current in a part to produce a circular magnetic field
Placing parts on a central conductors carrying high current is another way to produce the field

HEAD SHOT METHOD

The units have head and tail stocks (similar to a lathe) with electrical contact that the part can be clamped between. A circular magnetic field is produced with direct magnetization.

The tail stock can be moved and locked into place to accommodate parts of various lengths.

Advanced reference : http://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1214/ML12146A182.pdf

Techshore Institute Blogs about Best Technical and Management Courses

Monday, April 3, 2017

TECHSHORE INSPECTION SERVICES :Procedure of magnetic particle testing

Saturday, February 4, 2017

Techshore Inspection Services : KITCHEN HOOD VENTILATION SYSTEM

Thursday, December 22, 2016

Classifications of Air conditioning systems

Wednesday, December 7, 2016

OPERATION OF HEATER TREATER

OPERATION OF HEATER TREATER

INLET DEGASSING SECTION

HEATING SECTION

DIFFERENTIAL OIL CONTROL CHAMBER

COALESCING SECTION (ELECTRICAL CHAMBER )

Wednesday, November 23, 2016

HEATER TREATERS and DESALTERS

HEATER-TREATERS

DESALTERS

Sunday, November 13, 2016

ORGANIC THEORY OF ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM

INORGANIC THEORY

ORGANIC THEORY

Sunday, September 4, 2016

What is circular magnetization and how do we do it ?

Circular Magnetization

Monday, August 22, 2016

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