Showing posts with label measurement. Show all posts
Showing posts with label measurement. Show all posts

Tuesday, December 27, 2016

TECHSHORE INSPECTION SERVICES : Method of measurement of works

Method of measurement of works


Important place in the planning and execution of any Civil Engineering work from the time of preparation of estimate to the final completion of work and settlement of payments for a project.
The method of measurement introduced by Indian standard (IS) is authentic, legal and basic document.



·         IS 1200: Part 1: 1992 :Earthwork
·         IS 1200: Part 2: 1974 :concrete works
·         IS 1200: Part III: 1976 :Brickwork
·         IS 1200: Part 4: 1976 :stone masonry
·         IS 1200: Part 5: 1982 :form work
·         IS 1200: Part 6: 1974 :refractory work
·         IS 1200: Part 7: hardware
·         IS 1200: Part 8: 1993 : steel work and iron work
·         IS 1200: Part 9: 1973: roof covering including cladding
·         IS 1200: Part 10: 1973: ceiling and linings
·         IS 1200: Part 11: 1977:  paving, floor finishes dado and skirting
·         IS 1200: Part XII: 1976: Plastering and Pointing
·         IS 1200: Part 13: 1994 :Whitewashing, color washing, distempering and painting of building surfaces
·         IS 1200: Part 14: 1984:  glazing
·         IS 1200: Part 15: 1987:painting, polishing, varnishing etc
·         IS 1200: Part 16: 1979: lying of water and sewer lines including appurtenant items
·         IS 1200: Part 17: 1985: Road work ( air field pavements )
·         IS 1200: Part 18: 1974:demolition and dismantling
·         IS 1200: Part XIX: 1981: Water Supply, Plumbing and Drains
·         IS 1200: Part 20: 1981: laying of gas and oil pipelines

Measurement Book
Measurement is entered in a table format. Every department maintains measurement book.
Particulars
Details of actual measurements
Contents of area

No
L
B
D









































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Location: 36/977A Kattunilath, Lissie Hospital Road, Kochi, Kerala 682018, India

Wednesday, December 7, 2016

OPERATION OF HEATER TREATER


OPERATION OF HEATER TREATER


  1. It is a horizontal vessel employing a vertical flow pattern. Heater treater employs method of heating , chemical action , electrical coalescence , water washing of oil and settling for demulsification of oil .
  2. Movement of fluid through heater treater is controlled by a system of differential pressure combined with static heat .
  3. Heater treater vessel is divided into four parts .
    i  . Inlet degassing section
    ii . Heating section .
    iii. Differential oil control chamber .
    iv. Coalescing section

INLET DEGASSING SECTION

Oil mixed with demulsifying chemical enters the heater treater through degassing section , above the fire tubes . Free gas is liberated from the flow stream and is equalized across the entire degassing and heating areas of the treater . The  degassing section , is separated from the heating section by baffles .The fluid travels downward from the degassing area and enters the heating section under the fire tubes through multiple orifice distributors .

HEATING SECTION

Heating section consist of a fire tube bent at 180°.
In 6ft. × 15 ft . heater treater , there is one tube ; in 8ft. × 20 ft . heater treater , there are two tubes . The constant level in this section is maintained by weir height . Oil enters this section from bottom of degassing section and passes through  heater at bottom and washing action takes place and free water and solids fall out of the oil stream . The water level in this section is controlled by a weighted , displacement type interface float which operates a water discharge control valve by instrument air acting on diaphragm . The oil allows water flow upward from the distributors section, surrounding the fire tubes , where the adequate temperature is attained .The increase in temperature of the oil releases some additional gas . The heat released some additional gas . The heat released gas then joints the free gas from the inlet section and is discharged from the treater through a gas back pressure control valve .

DIFFERENTIAL OIL CONTROL CHAMBER

The fluid which is heated should be transferd from the heating section over the fixed weir into a differential chamber for oil control , which contains a liquid level control float . The fluid travels downwards to near the bottom of the differential oil control chamber where the opening to the coalescing section distributors are located .

COALESCING SECTION (ELECTRICAL CHAMBER )

Heater treater operates under a high voltage potential on the electrodes for merging of the water droplets in the final stage of processing . The electrodes are suspended on the insulated hanger from the upper portion of vessel . The ‘Ground’ electrode is made up of solid steel hangers to provide proper grounding with the steel of the treater .
An externally mounted , oil immersed high voltage transformer is designed such that to provide the proper power supply to the electrodes .The transformer uses 240 volts in primary and supplies 16500 volts in secondary .The secondary unit having a high voltage is connected to charged electrode through a high voltage entrance which is specially designed in the form of a bushing for insulation .Secondary is also connected to voltmeter and external pilot indicator light .The oil and entrained water enter the coalescing section from the differential oil control chamber through multiple ,full length , metered distributor .As the oil and transformed water come into contact with each other the electrical field produced in the grid area, final coalescing of the water take place .
The water supply which is falling back into the water area at the bottom and the clean oil starts continuously rises to the top portion, and finally it enters at the collector and is comes out through the clean oil outlet of the control valve .

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Location: 36/977A Kattunilath, Lissie Hospital Road, Kochi, Kerala 682018, India

Wednesday, November 23, 2016

HEATER TREATERS and DESALTERS

 HEATER-TREATERS

A heater treater is normally used in treating oil emulsions. Oil treating equipment generally makes use of different methods such as  mechanical, thermal and gravity. Some other times it may depends on certain chemical or electrical methods to break emulsions .
Heater treaters can be vertical or horizontal design. The size is depend upon the volume of the oil and water to be handled.
Treaters equipped with electrodes are normally horizontal in design. They are refered to as electrostatic coalescers or chem.- electric heaters .In some applications these treaters are the most desirable because they treat at a temperature lower than the conventional heater-treater ., saving fuel and conserving oil gravity .

DESALTERS


Desalters are similar to oil treaters in design and function .Desalters function by using fresh or blackish water are used to dilute the brine and increase the volume of salt water in the oil so that they will be more easily precipitated .Desalters generally go for electrostatic precipitation method. 
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Location: 36/977A Kattunilath, Lissie Hospital Road, Kochi, Kerala 682018, India

Thursday, September 1, 2016

HVAC (Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning)

HVAC (Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning)

Air conditioning, or HVAC&R, is an active, rapidly developing technology. It is closely related to the living standard of the people and to the outdoor environment, such as through ozone depletion and global warming. The term HVAC&R is an abbreviation of heating, ventilating, air conditioning, and refrigerating. The combination of processes in this commonly adopted term is equivalent to the current definition of air conditioning. Because all these individual component processes were developed prior to the more complete concept of air conditioning, the term HVAC&R is often used by the industry.
HVAC&R, system is composed of components and equipment arranged in sequence to condition the air, to transport it to the conditioned space, and to control the indoor environmental parameters of a specific space within required limits. Most air conditioning systems perform the following functions:
l  Provide the cooling and heating energy required
l  Condition the supply air, that is, heat or cool, humidify or dehumidify, clean and purify, and attenuate any objectionable noise produced by the HVAC&R equipment
l  Distribute the conditioned air, containing sufficient outdoor air, to the conditioned space
l  Control and maintain the indoor environmental parameters–such as temperature, humidity, cleanliness, air movement, sound level, and pressure differential between the conditioned space and surroundings—within predetermined limits.
Parameters such as the size and the occupancy of the conditioned space, the indoor environmental parameters to be controlled, the quality and the effectiveness of control, and the cost involved determine the various types and arrangements of components used to provide appropriate characteristics. Air conditioning systems can be classified according to their applications as (1) comfort air conditioning systems and (2) process air conditioning systems.
Comfort air conditioning systems provide occupants with a comfortable and healthy indoor environment in which to carry out their activities. The various sectors of the economy using comfort air conditioning systems includes the commercial sectors (office buildings, supermarkets, shopping centers etc.), institutional sectors (colleges, concert halls, theaters etc.), residential sectors ( hotels, motels, apartment houses etc.), health care sectors ( hospitals, nursing homes, and convalescent care facilities), and transportation sectors ( aircraft, automobiles, cruising ships etc.)
Process air conditioning systems provide needed indoor environmental control for manufacturing, product storage, or other research and development processes. Some example of areas that require process air conditioning systems are, humidity control in textile mills, clean room for electronic product manufacturing, precise temperature control during the production of precision instruments, and temperature, humidity and air cleanliness control for pharmaceutical products.

Reference:

Shan K Wang, Handbook of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration, McGraw-Hill, 2001.        
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Location: 36/977A Kattunilath, Lissie Hospital Road, Kochi, Kerala 682018, India
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