TECHSHORE INSPECTION SERVICES :INTERNAL COMBUSTION (IC) ENGINES

An internal combustion engine is one in which the heat transfer to the working fluid occurs inside the engine itself, usually by the combustion of fuel with the help oxygen of air. In external combustion engines heat is transferred to the working fluid from the combustion gases with the help of a heat exchanger. e.g. steam engines. IC engines contains spark ignition (SI) engines using petrol as a fuel, and compression ignition (CI) engines (usually referred to as Diesel engines) using fuel oil, DERV, etc as a fuel. In these engines there is a order of processes compression, combustion, expansion, exhaust .There are two basic mechanical designs to achieve these four processes in either:- The basic difference between the petrol engine and the diesel engine is in the method of combustion and ignition process. four strokes of the piston –known as the 4-stroke engine, or two strokes of the piston – known as-2stroke engines.

BASIC CONNECTING ROD CRANK MECHANISM

Bore = cylinder diameter

Stroke = piston movement (BDC to TDC) = 2 x crank radius

Thus the fundamental output of a reciprocating IC engine can be said to be torque- it is theoretically produced even when engine speed (RPM) is zero.

The torque fluctuations are smoothed out by

(i) Multi-cylinder arrangement

(ii) by using the flywheel

So that the torque output from the engine's drive shaft is smooth at any given condition of speed and load.

AIR STANDARD CYCLES

Because the products of combustion are not too different from air (in terms of thermodynamic properties) we can analyze the engine cycle as a series of reversible non-flow processes using air as the working fluid throughout the cycle This cycle is known as an air-standard cycle.

DUAL CYCLE

The heat transfer to the gas is occurred partially at constant volume and partially at constant pressure due to heat transfer process.

PETROL ENGINES

In petrol engines the air-fuel ratio (AFR) is maintained at an constant value of 14-16:1 by the carburetor or fuel injection system. The top temperature and the torque is determined by the amount of air-fuel mixture provided by the throttle. Hence petrol engines are described as being quantity governed. In usual running - the flame front advances through the mixture at flame propagation velocity after a short delay in spark ignition. Under some conditions detonation and combustion / shock waves form (often referred to as ‘pinking’ or ‘knocking’). The Octane rating of a fuel is a the measure of it's tendency to resist against detonation (from a mixture of iso-octane & n-heptane). In petrol engines air and fuel are mixed and ignited by an electrical spark and the combustion process proceeds as a flame front across the combustion chamber. If the mixture and design is correct then there are no problems but if rc > 9 the mixture tends to explode naturally. Also, fuel will not burn and ignite except between air-fuel ratios of between 10 and 20 to 1. An air-fuel ratio of 14.7 to 1 is the chemically ideal ratio and the carburetor or fuel injection system attempts to provide this. On the compression stroke air is compressed adiabatically to a temperature such that when liquid fuel is sprayed into the combustion space in droplet form it self-ignites. This is the reason why compression ratios of diesel engines are typically about double of those of petrol engines. The droplets move around through the combustion space seeking oxygen and burning takes place on the droplet surface at a local AFR of about 15 to 1. To promote finding oxygen turbulence is induced in the combustion space. In a diesel engine only needed fuel is injected to produce the torque required at any given engine speed. It is not possible to use the stoichiometric AFR because the fuel will never find enough oxygen quickly enough and unburned fuel will be in the form of black smoke (carbon particles). At 300 RPM the time for combustion is about 8 milliseconds.

DIESEL ENGINES

In diesel engines varying amounts of fuel, is in the form of fine droplets, are injected into approximately the same amount of air, irrespective of the engine’s speed, to control the top temperature and the torque. The AFR therefore varies (typically between 20-100), hence Diesel engines are described as being quality governed. Compression ratios (rc, typically 18 - 22:1 ] are reduced more by engine component strength than thermodynamics. Diesel knock can also occur (initial rapid combustion). Fuel ignitability will be measured by 'CETANE' rating. Early diesel engines used constant pressure heat transfer either than constant volume heat transfer as in the Otto cycle. In practice this can be achieved by a relatively small air blast fuel injection process. The ideal diesel cycle is shown below in which the process is constant pressure heat transfer process to the cycle.

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