Ductile materials, in which includes structural
steel and alloys of other metals, are regarded as their ability to yield at
normal temperatures.
Refer to the Fig. 1&2, illustrates the
stress-strain relationship and pointed out the deformation of material under
stress and regions. The different regions in the curve are,
Ultimate
strength
Yield
strength or yield point
Rupture
Strain
hardening region
Necking
region
Apparent
stress
Low carbon steel generally demonstrates a
very linear stress–strain relationship up to yield point .
The linear portion of the curve is the elastic region and the slope is called the Young’s Modulus or modulus of elasticity.
Young's Modulus is defined as the ratio between the compressive stress and longitudinal
strain. After the yield point, the curve typically decreases slightly because
of dislocations escaping from Cottrell atmospheres. As deformation stays, the
stress increases on account of strain
hardening until it can
reaches the ultimate tensile stress which obeys Hooks law. Until this point,
the cross-sectional area will decrease uniformly and randomly because of Poisson
contractions (as per Poisson’s ratio).
The actual fracture point which is in the same vertical line as visual fracture
point.
However, further than this point a neck forms where the local cross-sectional
area becomes ominously smaller than the original. The ratio of the tensile
force to the true cross-sectional area i.e. , at the narrowest region of the
neck is called the true stress. The ratio between the
tensile force to the original cross-sectional area of the specimenis called the engineering
stress. If the stress–strain curve is schemed in relationships of true
stress and true
strain the stress will
increase or rise until failure. Ultimately the neck becomes unstable and the
specimen undergone fractures.
If the specimen is subjected to progressively
raising tensile force it reaches the ultimate tensile stress and then necking
and elongation occur quickly until fracture.
If the specimen is undergone to progressively increasing length it is possible
to perceive the progressive necking and elongation, and to measure the reducing
tensile force in the specimen. Civil structures such as bridges are loaded that
applies progressively increasing forces. Sheet-metal pressing operation
subjects the work-piece to gradually increasing deformation. In order to perfectly
record the enactments of materials between ultimate tensile stress and
fracture, most of the tensile-testing machines load the specimen with a steadily
increasing length.
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