Wednesday, March 29, 2017

TECHSHORE INSPECTION SERVICES : DETECTION OF WELD DEFECTS USING X-RAY

Various NDT methods are used to detect defects in welded joints. Liquid Penetrant Test, Magnetic Particle test, Ultra Sound Test, Radiographic Test, etc. One of the best tests among NDT is radiographic test.X-ray test is one of the popular tests used in radiographic method.
X-rays are produced with the aid of a vacuum tube. The arrangements inside a vacuum tube consist of a cathode (Tungsten) & an anode. As we know cathode is of negative charge & anode is of positive charge. 
When a high voltage is applied, the tungsten gets heated & as a result it starts to emit electrons. As soon as the electrons are liberated it gets attracted towards the anode, since electrons are of negative charge. The electrons move at a very high velocity & strike the anode. Due to this sudden collision the electrons loses its kinetic energy (K.E). According to Law of Conservation of Energy, energy can neither be created nor destroyed but it can only be changed from one form to another.
As a result the K.E of electrons gets converted to heat energy &X-rays. Only a small portion (<1% only) is converted to X-rays. Remaining portions are converted to heat energy. This small amount of X-rays is used for radiographic test in NDT.

Since large amount of heat is produced, the anode gets heated up tremendously. In order to avoid overheating, anode is continuously cooled using cold water. The area of the anode where electrons get strike (Focal Spot) should be sufficiently large for propagation of heat.

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Tuesday, March 28, 2017

TECHSHORE INSPECTION SERVICES-KOCHI-KERALA | STRESS – STRAIN CURVE FOR DUCTILE MATERIALS

Ductile materials, in which includes structural steel and alloys of other metals, are regarded as their ability to yield at normal temperatures.
Refer to the Fig.1&2, illustrates the stress-strain relationship and pointed out the deformation of material under stress and regions. The different regions in the curve are,
Ultimate strength
Yield strength or yield point
Rupture
Strain hardening region
Necking region
Apparent stress
Actual stress

Low carbon steel generally demonstrates a very linear stress–strain relationship up to yield point. The linear portion of the curve is the elastic region and the slope is called the Young’s Modulus or modulus of elasticity. Young's Modulus is defined as the ratio between the compressive stress and longitudinal strain. After the yield point, the curve typically decreases slightly because of dislocations escaping from Cottrell atmospheres. As deformation stays, the stress increases on account of strain hardening until it can reaches the ultimate tensile stress which obeys Hooks law. Until this point, the cross-sectional area will decrease uniformly and randomly because of Poisson contractions (as per Poisson’s ratio). The actual fracture point which is in the same vertical line as visual fracture point.
However, further than this point a neck forms where the local cross-sectional area becomes ominously smaller than the original. The ratio of the tensile force to the true cross-sectional area i.e., at the narrowest region of the neck is called the true stress. The ratio between the tensile force to the original cross-sectional area of the specimenis called the engineering stress. If the stress–strain curve is schemed in relationships of true stress and true strain the stress will increase or rise until failure. Ultimately the neck becomes unstable and the specimen undergone fractures.

If the specimen is subjected to progressively raising tensile force it reaches the ultimate tensile stress and then necking and elongation occur quickly until fracture. If the specimen is undergone to progressively increasing length it is possible to perceive the progressive necking and elongation, and to measure the reducing tensile force in the specimen. Civil structures such as bridges are loaded that applies progressively increasing forces. Sheet-metal pressing operation subjects the work-piece to gradually increasing deformation. In order to perfectly record the enactments of materials between ultimate tensile stress and fracture, most of the tensile-testing machines load the specimen with a steadily increasing length.

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Monday, March 27, 2017

TECHSHORE INSPECTION SERVICES : BOTTOM HOLE ASSEMBLY (BHA)

BHA consist of Drill Bit which is used to drill up the formation, Drill collar of different diameter which is used to give weight to the drill bit, Heavy Weight Drill Pipe which is used to give transition between drill collar and drill pipe, Stabilizers which is used to give stability to the drilled section and drill pipe which is for increasing drilling depth downwards .The BHA also consist of other equipments like down hole motor,Meassuring While Drilling(MWD) tool, Logging While Drilling(LWD) tool and Rotary Steerable System.

DRILL PIPE (DP)


DRILL PIPE is connected below Kelly sever sub. They are thick walled hollow metal pipe that is used in drilling rigs. The drilling hole depth is increased by adding drilling pipe. They are designed hollow to pump mud through the drill pipe for efficient drilling purpose. The drill pipe used in drilling rigs are of S, G, E grades. The drill pipe is of size 5” and 3 ½ “sizes of weight 19.5 ppf and13.3 ppf respectively. A single drill pipe is of 9.5 meter (approx).



HEAVY WEIGHT DRILL PIPE (HWDP)



HWDP is connected below drill pipe to provide a transaction between drill pipe and drill collar. The main purpose of HWDP is to reduce number of fatigue failures seen directly above the BHA.The secondary purpose of HWDP is to give additional weight to the drilling bit.HWDP is used generally in deviated well where too many drill collars hamper drilling operation.HWDP is of 5” and 3 ½” sizes having weight of50 ppf and 27 ppf respectively.



DRILL COLLAR (DC)



DC is metal steel tubular cross section used to apply more weight to the drill bit. The drill collar is also hollow thick walled pipe. The outer body of DC has circular grooves for the easy movement of return mud and formation cuttings to upwards. All the compressive loading is taken by the DC and make drill pipe free from all tensions.DC is of 9”, 8 ½”, 6 ½”, 4 ¾” sizes having weight of 217 ppf, 161 ppf, 92 ppf, 47 ppf respectively.


STABILIZERS


Stabilizers are device used for stabilizing the drilled bare hole. The other purpose of stabilizer is used to centralize the drill string inside the bore hole. Stabilizers are of two types Near BIT Stabilizer (NBS) and String Stabilizer (SS).As the name indicates NBS is connected nearer to the drill bit. It consist of box at it two ends for tight connection.SS is placed positioned between DC, IT consist of box at one end and pin at other end.


X-OVER


It is also hollow thick walled metallic tubular section of 1.5 meter (approx).The main purpose of X-over is to serve as a connector between box and pin of different size.

BIT SUB

BIT SUB is small lengthen hollow metallic pipe connect between drill bit and NBS.If there any sudden shock or torque arise bit sub absorb it and Prevent other BHA‘s from damage.


DRILL BIT


Drill BIT is used to break up the rock formation and make drilling more effective. Depending upon the formation drill bit is used.Drill bit is mainly of two types Rolling Cutter Bit and Fixed cutter Bit.

The rolling cutter bit provides a crushing motion as the drill bill can rotate itself.The bit cones roll along the bottom of hole in a circular manner, as the drill string rotates. This bit is used for drilling where the formation is very thick.

Fixed cutter bit is used for giving a scrapping motion to the formation. This bit does not consist of rolling parts as they are used for shearing purpose only. Fixed cutter bit is used where formation to be drilled is less thick.



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Thursday, March 23, 2017

TECHSHORE INSPECTION SERVICES :Pressure involved in drilling

Techshore Inspection Services, Kochi Kerala- www.techshore.in explains the various types of Pressure involved in Drilling.

Types of Pressure Involved in Drilling-Techshore Kochi

Techshore Inspection Services, Kochi KeralaFormation pressure

The pressure exerted by the fluid that get ‘s trapped inside the formation rock is known as formation pressure. Depending upon the formation pressure gradient, it is classified into two pressures:-
Normal formation pressure
Abnormal formation pressure - Techshore Inspection Services, Kochi Kerala

Normal formation pressure

Techshore Inspection Services, Kochi :- By the deposition of rock layer over one other, water from the formation is squeezed out of the pores due to overburden, this phenomenon is called as compaction. As the formation water escape through the formation rock, it formation pressure also changes down to a normal value. mostly accepted normal value is ranging from 0.433 psi/ft to 0.465 psi/ft. Thus the pressure within this range is known as normal formation pressure.


Abnormal formation pressure


The formation pressure which ranges from the normal value, ie 0.465 psi/ft is known as abnormal formation pressure. It is caused because of the reason that due to the overburden of formation water is formation rock tries to escape, loss by the impermeable formation that does not allow its normal escape, hence abnormal formation pressure is formed. The cause of abnormal pressure is due to.

  1. Under compaction
  2. Artesian effect
  3. Faulting
  4. Salt dome
  5. Gas cap effect
  6. Charged sands

Hydrostatic pressure- Techshore Inspection Services, Kochi Kerala


Techshore Inspection Services, Kochi Kerala-The pressure exerted on the formation to overcome the formation pressure by a static column of mud is known as hydrostatic pressure. Hydrostatic pressure is maintained by the density of mud. The hydrostatic pressure of the mud depends upon the true vertical depth of the well and mud density. Hydrostatic pressure is expressed in psi.

Hydrostatic pressure =  tvd (in ft) * mud density (ppg) * 0.052
Where, 0.052 is the conversion constant

Pressure gradient


When the pressure of a fluid is calculated for a given unit length it is known as pressure gradient. The pressure gradient is the product of mud density (in ppg), conversion factor and unit length.
Pressure gradient = mud density (in ppg) * unit length (in ft) * 0.052

Swab and surge pressure


-Techshore Inspection Services, Kochi Kerala, When the drill string is lowered for drilling purpose or the at the time of tripping in, the string exerts a pressure on the mud column, this is known as surge pressure. Surge pressure is always taken as +ve.
When the drill string is raised during drilling purpose or at the time of tripping out, the string loses a pressure on the mud column, this is known as swab pressure. Swab pressure is always taken as –ve because there is a loss of pressure.


Bottomhole pressure (bhp) explained by Techshore Inspection Services, Kochi Kerala


"Bottomhole pressure is defined as the sum total of all the pressure that acts on the bottom of the hole. That is the pressure exerted at the bottom of the hole" as explained  by Techshore Inspection Services, Kochi Kerala

Bhp = hydrostatic pressure + surface pressure +/- dynamic pressure

Dynamic pressure is the pressure exerted by the pipe movement, ie swab or surge pressure or either due to fluid movement, ie by annular pressure losses.

Techshore Inspection Services, Kochi Kerala also explains about Bhp during different Well operations:-


During drilling
Bhp = hydrostatic pressure + annular pressure losses

When not circulating
Bhp =   hydrostatic pressure due to mud column

While tripping in
Bhp = hydrostatic pressure + surge pressure

While tripping out
Bhp = hydrostatic pressure – swab pressure

Maximum allowable annular surface pressure (MAASP) as per the works of Techshore Inspection Services, Kochi

According to Techshore Inspection Services, the Kochi, Kerala, Maximum allowable annular surface pressure is defined as the maximum pressure at the surface that a casing can hold with complete safety.

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