TECHSHORE INSTITUTE FOR DRILLING TECHNOLOGY

Techshore Institute for Drilling Technology is an initiative of the leading professional & reputed training brand of Techshore Inspection Services, which is having training centres all over Kerala. Techshore, offers courses in Drilling Technology from early 2015 and successful in providing placements for all those candidates in reputed companies with attractive salary packages and perks. 

Types of Pressure Involved in Drilling

Formation pressure

The pressure exerted by the fluid that get ‘s trapped inside the formation rock is known as formation pressure. Depending upon the formation pressure gradient, it is classified into two pressures: -

Normal formation pressure

Abnormal formation pressure

Normal formation pressure

By the deposition of rock layer over one other, water from the formation is squeezed out of the pores due to overburden, this phenomenon is called as compaction. As the formation water escape through the formation rock, it formation pressure also changes down to a normal value. mostly accepted normal value is ranging from 0.433 psi/ft to 0.465 psi/ft. Thus, the pressure within this range is known as normal formation pressure.

Abnormal formation pressure

The formation pressure which ranges from the normal value, i.e. 0.465 psi/ft is known as abnormal formation pressure. It is caused because of the reason that due to the overburden of formation water is formation rock tries to escape, loss by the impermeable formation that does not allow its normal escape, hence abnormal formation pressure is formed. The cause of abnormal pressure is due to.

1. Under compaction
2. Artesian effect
3. Faulting
4. Salt dome
5. Gas cap effect
6. Charged sands

Hydrostatic pressure

The pressure exerted on the formation to overcome the formation pressure by a static column of mud is known as hydrostatic pressure. Hydrostatic pressure is maintained by the density of mud. The hydrostatic pressure of the mud depends upon the true vertical depth of the well and mud density. Hydrostatic pressure is expressed in psi.

Hydrostatic pressure = tvd (in ft) * mud density (ppg) * 0.052

Where, 0.052 is the conversion constant

Pressure gradient

When the pressure of a fluid is calculated for a given unit length it is known as pressure gradient. The pressure gradient is the product of mud density (in ppg), conversion factor and unit length.

Pressure gradient = mud density (in ppg) * unit length (in ft) * 0.052

Swab and surge pressure

When the drill string is lowered for drilling purpose or the at the time of tripping in, the string exerts a pressure on the mud column, this is known as surge pressure. Surge pressure is always taken as +ve.

When the drill string is raised during drilling purpose or at the time of tripping out, the string loses a pressure on the mud column, this is known as swab pressure. Swab pressure is always taken as –ve because there is a loss of pressure.

Bottom hole pressure (bhp)

"Bottom hole pressure is defined as the sum total of all the pressure that acts on the bottom of the hole.

Bhp = hydrostatic pressure + surface pressure +/- dynamic pressure

Dynamic pressure is the pressure exerted by the pipe movement, i.e. swab or surge pressure or either due to fluid movement, i.e. by annular pressure losses.

Bhp during different Well operations:-

During drilling

Bhp = hydrostatic pressure + annular pressure losses

When not circulating

Bhp =   hydrostatic pressure due to mud column

While tripping in

Bhp = hydrostatic pressure + surge pressure

While tripping out

Bhp = hydrostatic pressure – swab pressure

Maximum allowable annular surface pressure (MAASP)

Maximum allowable annular surface pressure is defined as the maximum pressure at the surface that a casing can hold with complete safety.

Techshore - Scope Of Drilling Technology

A drilling engineer develops, plans, costs and supervises the operations necessary for drilling oil and gas wells. They are involved from the initial well design to testing, completion and abandonment.

Techshore - Career Objective

Seeking the position of Drilling Engineer that will utilize my skills and expertise in off-shore and on-land drilling operations for the development of the company. 

Techshore - Skill

Skilled in cased-hole electric line applications.

Techshore Institute of NDT and Inspection Technology

Techshore Institute of NDT and Inspection Technology is an initiative of the leading professional & reputed training brand of Techshore Inspection Services, which is having training centres all over Kerala. Techshore, offers courses in NDT from early 2015 and successful in providing placements for all those candidates in reputed  companies with attractive salary packages and perks. 

NDT course in Techshore includes:

Visual Testing

Radiographic Testing

Ultrasonic Testing

Liquid Penetrant Testing

Magnetic Particle Testing

Radiographic Testing Film Interpretation , etc.

Liquid Penetrant Testing (LPT)

Techshore offers Liquid Penetrant Testing (LPT),it is one of the most widely used non-destructive testing methods. LPT is based on capillary attraction, where a liquid is able to flow into narrow spaces with out the assistance of external force such as gravity. The material processes and procedures used in Liquid Penetrant Testing are designed to make the results of this capillary action visible and capable of interpretation. Liquid Penetrant Testing is an effective means of locating and determining the severity of surface discontinuities in materials, including those that are not visible to the naked eye.

 Ultrasonic Testing(UT)

Techshore offers Ultrasonic Testing (UT),it  is one of the most widely used NDT technique which is used to find out defects and estimate the thickness of the material. Ultrasonic Testing uses high frequency sound waves for testing. The high frequency waves are passed into the material to be tested and based on the reflectors from the material  the defect locations are estimated. The important part of an Ultrasonic testing equipment are:-                             

a.) Probe                                 

b.)Connecting Table                              

c.) Display      

Probes are the device which produces the high frequency sound waves required for testing.

These equipments use frequencies which ranges from 0.1MHZ to 15 MHZ. 

The key advantages of UT are : 

a.) It is highly sensitive and have greater accuracy compared to other NDT methods.

b.) It has high penetrating power and is harmless to the operator and the surroundings.

c.) The defect size, nature and orientation of the defects can be easily found out.

Disadvantages of UT

1.) The surface has to be smooth and even for effective testing.

2.) The testing requires experienced and skilled personnel.

3.) For efficient transmission of sound the different mediums are to be coupled using a couplant.

Magnetic particle test (MPT) 

Techshore offers Magnetic particle test (MPT),it is an advanced method in NDT. Using MPT we can detect surface & near to surface defects on a ferromagnetic material.Here test piece that has to be inspected is magnetized using a magnet. Both permanent magnets & electromagnets are used in MPT. But due to some inconveniences permanent magnets cannot be used everywhere. Even this method is of low cost due to lack of control of field strength & difficulty of placing & removing strong permanent magnets from the component, this method is not widely used.

Electromagnets in the form of an adjustable horseshoe magnet (called a yoke) eliminate the problems associated with permanent magnets and are used extensively in industry. Electromagnets only exhibit a magnetic flux when electric current is flowing around the soft iron core. When the magnet is placed on the component, a magnetic field is established between the north and south poles of the magnet.

Yoke is portable type device. So that it is more easy to use at any corner of the area where we need to test. Since MPT require more than one step, it is necessary to change the magnetic direction. Here yoke is very helpful. Yoke is less in weight but it can lift even heavy parts due to its magnetic power.   

Techshore - Scope of NDT

• Non - destructive testing is a descriptive term used for the examination of materials and components in such a way that allows materials to be examined without changing or destroying their usefulness. NDT or NDE can be used to find , size, and locate surface and sub surface flaws and deflects
• NDT plays a crucial role in every day life and is necessary to assure safety and reliability.
• NDT is a Quality Assurance management tool which can give impressive results when used correctly. It requires an understanding of the various methods available , their capabilities and limitations, knowledge of the relevant standards and specifications for performing the tests.

Techshore- Career of NDT

Job objective to work with a reputed company as a NDT inspector and to use NDT skills and knowledge their fullest. High lights of Qualification.....Ability to inspect welds, casting and forgings with the help of the UT instruments. Ability to maintain the equipment and ensure its proper functioning.

Conclusion

1 NDT is extremely useful for pre-repair assessment of any type of structures.

2 NDT can provide a quantitative and qualitative assessment of various properties of concrete like strength, density, uniformity ( homogeneity ), permeability ( durability) etc.

3 NDT is also very useful in carrying out an assessment of the repaired area to check the efficacy of repairs / repaired material.

4 It is high time that Indian Consultants, Contractors and Chemical Manufacturers involved in repairs of concrete structures, start using NDT, generously. 

TECHSHORE INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES

Techshore Institute of Management Studies is an initiative of the leading professional & reputed training brand of Techshore Inspection Services, which is having training centres all over Kerala. Techshore, offers courses in Management Studies from early 2015 and successful in providing placements for all those candidates in reputed organization with attractive salary packages and perks. 

E-COMMERCE 

The first form of e-commerce started in the 1970s.  it was used by businesses to send commercial documents such as purchase orders or invoices electronically through EDI (electronic data interchange). The introduction of World Wide Web (WWW) gave impetus, and introduction of online banking and opening of an online pizza ship by Pizza Hut in USA took place. Later on, the e-commerce giants Amazon (1995) and eBay (1996) started operations.

India got its first e-commerce store in the form of indiaplaza.com in 1999, which then offered only music CDs for sale. The total internet users at that time were only 3 million. In India online shopping gained popularity only in the post dot com bubble bust in 2000 the total internet user base in India is at 278 million as on October 2014. E-Commerce is now part of everyday vocabulary and people are buying everything from a photo print to a plane ticket online.

E-Commerce or Electronic Commerce consists primarily for distributing, buying, selling, marketing and servicing or products or services over electronic system such as the internet and other computer networks. it is an electronic business applications aimed at commercial transactions, and can invoice electronic funds transfer , supply chain management, e- marketing, online marketing, online transactions processing, electronic data interchange (EDI),automated data collection system. Electronic commerce “refers generally to all forms of transactions relating to commercial activities, including both organizations and individuals that are based upon the processing and transmission of digitized data, including text, sound and visual images.”

E-Commerce, a subset of e-business, is the purchasing, selling and exchanging of goods and services over computer networks (such as internet) through which transactions or terms of sale are performed electronically. It is the process of searching, choosing, buying and selling of products or services on the electronic network. In e-commerce the parties to transaction (buyer and seller) interact electronically. E-Commerce uses the computer and telecommunication networks for promoting products, selling, delivery and collection and customer services.

It is the online exchange of goods, service, and money between firms, and between firms and their customers it also includes:

1.     Pre-sale events and marketing

2.     After-sale customer services.

Based on e-commerce strategies companies across globe can be classified into the following three categories;

1.     Brick-and-mortar (BAM)companies: Brick and Mortar companies are those traditional physical companies which do not have an online presence and hence they do not take the entire E-Commerce model. They might have a website presence to showcase what they have.

2.     Click-only (‘virtual’) companies: These companies are available only through the online channel. They do not sell through physical outlets which are accessible to potential customers. Examples: eBay, Amazon.

3.     Click-and-mortar (or ‘Brick & Click’) Companies: Both physical and virtual commerce activities are undertaken by these two companies. Since they have presence both traditional as well as electronic means their main challenge is increased information system complexity resulting from multi-channel operations. Banking institutions are a good example of this category.

E-Commerce is changing the way traditional commerce is conducted: technology can help throughout the process including promotion, searching, selecting, negotiating, delivery, and support.

The objective of Techshore is to acquaint the students with the dynamics of the business environment and to develop their strategic thinking, creativity and decision making capabilities with emphasis on their holistic development, imbibing the mission of the institute.

GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT (GSCM)

Techshore School of Logistics & Supply Chain Management is an initiative of the leading professional & reputed training brand of Techshore Inspection Services, which is having training centres all over Kerala. Techshore, offers courses in Logistics and Supply Chain Management from early 2015 and successful in providing placements for all those candidates in reputed logistics companies with attractive salary packages and perks. 

GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT (GSCM)

Business activities can pose a significant threat to the environment in terms of carbon monoxide emissions,discarded packaging materials, scrapped toxic materials,traffic congestion and other forms of industrial pollution .Green supply chain management (GSCM) is considered as an environmental innovation. The concept of GSCM is to integrate environmental thinking into supply chain management (SCM). GSCM aims to minimize or eliminate wastages including hazardous chemical, emissions, energy and solid waste along supply chain such as product design,material resourcing and selection, manufacturing process, delivery of final product and end-of-life management of the products.  As such, GSCM plays a vital role in influencing the total environment impact of any firm involved in supply chain activities and thus contributing to sustainability performance enhancement.

GSCM is evolved from SCM. As competition intensified in the 1990s, the increased awareness of green practices has triggered firms to act in an ethically and socially responsible manner in their supply chains . In the beginning of 1995, GSCM has attracted considerable scholarly interest; GSCM

received highest attention in 2010 . With these practices in mind, firms develop environmental management strategies in response to the changes of environmental requirements and their impacts on supply chain operations . A supply chain is a network consists of all parties involved (e.g. supplier, manufacturer, distributor, wholesaler, retailer,customer, etc.), directly or indirectly, in producing and

delivery products or services to ultimate customers – both in upstream and downstream sides through physical distribution, flow of information and finances .

1) Green management perspective

Van Hoek believed a business should face up to environmental issues and create competitive advantages through green initiatives. He used three approaches in green management: reactive, proactive, and value-seeking. Noci initially involved the green perspective in the supplier-selection process and divided corporate green strategies into reactive and proactive types. The former requests that suppliers only defer to regulators, while the latter expects suppliers to assist in green-product development and to align with any environmental requirements from the firm. Newman and Hanna showed four continuous stages of a firm’s environmental awareness: (i) reactive, (ii) receptive, (iii) constructive, and (iv) proactive.

2) Green design

During the design stage, the new product development (NPD) team usually determines the most essential material selection, production procurement's, package design, and energy usage. These all influence the primary costs and profits of the new product and affect its environmental impact in each life-cycle phase .Considerations include design-for-environment (DfE), eco-design, life-cycle design (LCD), or green design ,Some environmentally-friendly firms also design for disassembly, reuse, and recycling (DfDRR), because this “design for” concept not only enables the product and its components to be easily reused, re manufactured, or recycled at the end of its lifetime (EOF), but also helps to easily separate and replace electronic parts with longer life expectancies.

3) Green purchasing

Companies traditionally see the purchasing function as playing a supportive role in achieving business objectives. However, many organizations introducing green programs have observed that green purchasing significantly eliminates waste, and therefore firms can re-evaluate the purchasing function to improve green management performance. In other words, companies do perceive the importance and strategic influences of green purchasing.

4) Green manufacturing

As mentioned previously, green design outcomes affect sequential stages across the entire supply chain, but they rely on green manufacturing techniques and processes. Manufacturing processes consume a lot of energy acquired from burning various natural resources, such as coal, coke and natural gas, and combustion causes air pollution. Electronics technology generates a large amount of waste. Previous green-manufacturing studies mainly discuss enhancing current production processes or techniques to decrease the generation of toxic matter.

5) Green marketing and service

Consumers experience the effect of global warming and climate change, and respond by re-evaluating what they buy. These “green consumers” adjust their living habits and assess the green attributes of a product or service through their purchases. For example, green consumers save electric energy, recycle paper, return bottles or cans, and buy more environmentally-friendly products.

6) Green supply chain management strategy

Past studies have largely discussed and classified green manufacturing strategies or environmental strategies according to attitudes that companies hold toward green management. The simplest strategies are proactive and reactive. After observing the ways that different industries “green” their supply-chain activities and how developing supply-chain relationships influences resources accumulation and varied performance outcomes, Simpon and Samon proposed a broad range of strategies for GSCM. Depending on the degree of resource commitment and the complexity, their approach used risk-based strategy, efficiency-based strategy, innovation-based strategy, and closed-loop strategy.

Conclusion

Sustainability performance are two inextricably related SCM concepts. As noted earlier, majority of studies have indeed reported a significant relationship between these two constructs. However, there are some issues such as involving collaboration with suppliers in designing green products and adopting environmental practices into processes have yet to be researched fully. In view of this matter, environmental collaboration has been proposed as a moderator of the link between GSCM practices and sustainability performance in this paper. The presence of the environmental collaboration is expected to facilitate GSCM practices, which would ease the implementation of GSCM practices.

TECHSHORE INSTITUTE OF WELDING TECHNOLOGY & FABRICATION

Techshore Institute of Welding Technology  is an initiative of the leading professional & reputed training brand of Techshore Inspection Services, which is having training centres all over Kerala. Techshore, offers courses in Welding Technology from early 2015 and successful in providing placements for all those candidates in reputed  companies with attractive salary packages and perks. 

Welding Procedure Specification

A welding procedure specification (WPS) is the formal written document describing welding procedures, which provides direction to the welder or welding operators for making sound and quality production welds as per the code requirements. The purpose of the document is to guide welders to the accepted procedures so that repeatable and trusted welding techniques are used. A WPS is developed for each material alloy and for each welding type used. Specific codes and/or engineering societies are often the driving force behind the development of a company’s WPS.A WPS is supported by a Procedure Qualification Record (PQR OR WPQR). A PQR is a record of a test weld performed and tested (more rigorously) to ensure that the procedure will produce a good weld. Individual welders are certified with a qualification test documented in a Welder Qualification Test Record (WQTR) that shows they have the understanding and demonstrated ability to work with in the specified WPS.

Welding inspector

A welding inspector is an individual who is responsible for overseeing all the activities and duties of the welding staff and ensuring that everything is in proper working manner. Quality control inspectors: read and understand blueprints and specifications. Monitor or observe operations to ensure that they meet productions standards...Inspect, test, or measure materials or products being produced. Welding procedure Specifications, building and welding plans, equipment calibration, and welding materials. You'll be responsible for verifying that all of those documents are correct. You'll also be instrumental in the development of WPSs. It'll be your responsibility to inspect base and consumable materials. What does a certified welding inspector do?? Many welders start out without any long-term career goals...The AWS Certified Welding Inspector(CWI) certification is an internationally recognized accreditation that can open the door to a highly rewarding and lucrative 

profession.

Visual inspections of Welded Connections

Visual inspections is probably the most underrated, and often misused, method of welding inspection. Because of its simplicity, and the absence of sophisticated equipment, the potential of this method of inspection is quite often under- estimated. Visual inspection of welding can often be the easiest to perform and is usually the least expensive to conduct. If carried out correctly, this type of inspection can often be an extremely effective method of maintaining acceptable welding problems. There are many areas with in the welding operation that can be verified and evaluated by this method of inspection.

When designing an inspection plan, we need to establish the most appropriate areas to apply out inspection. We need to consider the possibility of preventing welding related occurred. Non- destructive testing (NDT) , which is typically used for the inspections of completed welds, is usually designed and conducted to find welding problems after the fact, when the weld is completed. Visual inspection can often be utilized to prevent welding problems from happening in the first place. The welding inspection function is often divided into three areas. First, and often the least utilized is pre-weld inspection can often provide us the opportunity to detect and correct unacceptable conditions before they develop into actual welding problems. Second, inspection during the welding operation can often prevent problems in the completed weld through verification of the welding conditions and procedural requirements. Third, post welded visual inspection is a relatively easy method of conducting completed weld quality evaluation.

TECHSHORE INSPECTION SERVICES FOR NDT

Techshore School of NDT studies is an initiative of the leading professional & reputed training brand of Techshore Inspection Services, which is having training centres all over Kerala. Techshore, offers courses in NDT Level II from early 2015 and successful in providing placements for all those candidates in reputed companies with attractive salary packages and perks. 

ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY

This test is done to assess the quality of concrete by ultrasonic pulse velocity method as per IS: 13311 (Part 1) – 1992. The underlying principle of this test is –

The method consists of measuring the time of travel of an ultrasonic pulse passing through the concrete being tested. Comparatively higher velocity is obtained when concrete quality is good in terms of density, uniformity, homogeneity etc.

Procedure to determine strength of hardened concrete by Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity.

i) Preparing for use: Before switching on the ‘V’ meter, the transducers should be connected to the sockets marked “TRAN” and ” REC”.

The ‘V’ meter may be operated with either:

a) the internal battery,

b) an external battery or

c) the A.C line.

ii) Set reference: A reference bar is provided to check the instrument zero. The pulse time for the bar is engraved on it. Apply a smear of grease to the transducer faces before placing it on the opposite ends of the bar. Adjust the ‘SET REF’ control until the reference bar transit time is obtained on the instrument read-out.

iii) Range selection: For maximum accuracy, it is recommended that the 0.1 microsecond range be selected for path length upto 400mm.

iv) Pulse velocity: Having determined the most suitable test points on the material to be tested, make careful measurement of the path length ‘L’. Apply couplant to the surfaces of the transducers and press it hard onto the surface of the material. Do not move the transducers while a reading is being taken, as this can generate noise signals and errors in measurements. Continue holding the transducers onto the surface of the material until a consistent reading appears on the display, which is the time in microsecond for the ultrasonic pulse to travel the distance ‘L’. The mean value of the display readings should be taken when the units digit hunts between two values.

Pulse velocity=(Path length/Travel time)

v) Separation of transducer leads: It is advisable to prevent the two transducer leads from coming into close contact with each other when the transit time measurements are being taken. If this is not done, the receiver lead might pick-up unwanted signals from the transmitter lead and this would result in an incorrect display of the transit time.

Interpretation of Results

The quality of concrete in terms of uniformity, incidence or absence of internal flaws, cracks and segregation, etc,indicative of the level of workmanship employed, can thus be assessed using the guidelines given below, which have been evolved for characterizing the quality of concrete in structures in terms of the ultrasonic pulse velocity.

TECHSHORE INSPECTION SERVICES FOR LOGISTICS STUDIES

LOGISTICS INFORMATION SYSTEM

A logistics management information system (LMIS) is a system of records and reports – whether paper-based or electronic – used to aggregate, analyse, validate and display data (from all levels of the logistics system) that can be used to make logistics decisions and manage the supply chain.

It’s useful for decision making, and interfacing the information with decision-assisting methods are considered to be at the heart of an information system. Logistics information systems are a subset of the firm’s total information system, and it is directed to the particular problems of logistics decision making.

There are three distinct elements that make up this system:

The Input

The Database

The Output

THE LOGISTICS INFORMATION SYSTEM (LIS) IS MADE UP OF THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION SYSTEMS:

Sales Information System

It’s a set of procedures and methods designed to generate, analyse, disseminate, and store anticipated marketing decision information on a regular, continuous basis.

Purchasing Information System

To determine the quality and quantity needed and the time when an item is needed and obtain the best possible price to maintain information on sources of supply.

Inventory Controlling

To overseeing and controlling of the ordering, storage and use of components that a company will use in the production of the items it will sell as well as the overseeing and controlling of quantities of finished products for sale.

Shop Floor Information System

We can use the work centre standard analysis to evaluate data from the area of work centres.

Plant Maintenance Information System

It allows some flexibility in the updating of information as well as the ability to report on data trends gathered over time.

Quality Management Information System

Focus on the information customers and suppliers. And focus on all components of information, including definition, content and presentation and Measure data accuracy. 

Retail Information System (RIS) 

Transaction Processing Systems (TPS): Used to facilitate customer transactions and other routine business processes.

Management Information Systems (MIS): To assist middle managers in their monitoring, controlling and decision-making activities.

Transport Information System (TIS)

In the transport information system, the following standard analyses are available Transport The transport analysis displays information from the transport header and delivery header. The key figures for the complete transport (such as distance, delivery time, weight) are updated in relation to the transport MRP, transport type, service agent, starting point, and target point.

What is Bill ?

What Does Bill of Lading Mean in Export and Import Businesses?

Bill of lading (B/L) is a transport document, which is used in port-to-port sea shipments, issued and signed by a carrier or its agent, generally on a pre-printed carrier’s bill of lading format, evidences the terms and conditions of the carriage of goods between port of loading and port of discharge.

What are the Main Features of a Bill of Lading (B/L)?

A negotiable bill of lading represents the title of the goods and normally has to be surrendered at the port of discharge to the carrier’s agent to obtain delivery of the goods.

A bill of lading is regarded as a negotiable document if issued “to order and black endorsed” or “to order of a (named party)”.

A bill of lading issued and signed by a carrier or an agent on behalf of the carrier is called a master bill of lading.

A bill of lading issued and signed by a freight forwarder is called a house bill of lading.

There are certain differences exist between a master bill of lading and house bill of lading.

A bill of lading generally issued subject to Hague Rules, The Hague-Visby Rules and US COGSA (US Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1936. ) etc.

Because a bill of lading is used in port-to-port sea shipments, it can be used in conjunction with all the trade terms defined in Incoterms 2010 rules.

What Does Air Waybill Mean in Export and Import Businesses?

An air waybill (AWB) is a transport document, which is used in air shipments, issued and signed by an airline cargo carrier or its agent, generally on a pre-printed air waybill format, evidences the terms and conditions of the carriage of goods over routes of the airline carrier(s).

What are the Main Features of an Air Waybill (AWB)?

An air waybill, contrary to bill of lading, is not a document of title, as a result it is not a negotiable document. The carrier’s agent delivers goods by approving the identity of the consignee without requesting surrender of the original air waybill.

An air Waybill is not a negotiable document as a result it cannot be issued “to order and black endorsed” or “to order of an issuing bank”. An air waybill can only be consigned to a “named company”.

An air waybill can be issued and signed by a carrier or an agent on behalf of the carrier.

Alternatively it can be issued and signed by a freight forwarder. But carrier air waybill and forwarder air waybill have some differences.

What are the Differences Between Air Waybill and Bill of Lading?

Air Waybill:Air waybill should be used in air shipments.

Bill of Lading:Bill of lading should be used in port-to-port sea shipments.

Air Waybill:Air waybill is not a document of title

Bill of Lading:Negotiable bill of lading is a document of title. At least one original bill of lading must be surrender to collect the goods from the carrier.

Air Waybill:Air Waybill cannot be issued "to order and black endorsed" or "to order of an issuing bank"

Bill of Lading:Bill of lading can be issued "to order and black endorsed" or "to order of an issuing bank".

Air Waybill:Air waybill generally issued subject to Warsaw Convention, Hague amendment, Montreal Convention, etc.

Bill of Lading:Bill of lading generally issued subject to Hague Rules, The Hague-Visby Rules and US COGSA (US Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1936. ) etc.