Thursday, October 20, 2016

Duties and Responsibilities of a Quantity Surveyor in cost management process

A quantity surveyor plays a vital role in a construction industry to provide initial and future costs of construction so that a total financial factors depending on that particular construction should be considered in very beginning. As the construction industry flourish more skilled roles are available, especially quantity surveyors are in huge demand. Quantity Surveyors are involved in all phases of construction such as feasibility, design, construction, extension, maintenance, and demolition.


Services provided by a quantity surveyor may include:


  1. Cost planning
  2. Preparing bill of quantities(BOQ)
  3. Contracts negotiation
  4. Monitoring the overall budget
  5. Preparations regarding payment invoice and certification
  6. Assessment of variations
  7. Dispute resolution
  8. Cost control
  9. Value Engineering
  10. Project management
  11. Advice on contractual disputes



Professional duties of a Quantity Surveyor include:




Becoming a quantity surveyor is more than having relevant academic experience. A quantity surveyor must be an excellent communicator and must possess impressive numerical skills to handle the financial and mathematical demands of the role. Depending upon the continuous challenges that should be faced by a construction industry a quantity surveyor must demonstrate innovative approaches to solve that problem and should posses ability to neglect the various levels of construction industry. There is a need of quantity surveyors to move in to the upstream in the supply chain management for competitiveness.

Thursday, October 13, 2016

Basic Principles of Sound

Sound is a form of energy that always requires a medium to propagate. Sound is a vibration that propagates as a typically audible mechanical wave of pressure and displacement, through a medium such as air, water or materials. Speed of souund depends on the medium that the waves pass through, and is a fundamental property of the material

In physiology and psychology, sound is the reception of such waves and their perception by the brain.

Basic principles of Sound are :
  1. Sound is produced by a vibrating body and travels in the form of a wave.

  2. Sound waves travel through materials by vibrating the particles that make up the material.

  3. The pitch of the sound is determined by the frequency of the wave (vibrations or cycles completed in a certain period of time).


  4. Ultrasound is sound with a pitch too high to be detected by the human ear.
  5. The measurement of sound waves from crest to crest determines its wavelength (λ).

  6. The time is takes a sound wave to travel a distance of one complete wavelength is the same amount of time it takes the source to execute one complete vibration.
  7. The sound wavelength is inversely proportional to its frequency. (λ = 1/f)
    Several wave modes of vibration are used in ultrasonic inspection. The most common are longitudinal, shear, and Rayleigh (surface) waves.

  8. Ultrasonic waves are very similar to light waves in that they can be reflected, refracted, and focused.

  9. Reflection and refraction occurs when sound waves interact with interfaces of differing acoustic properties.  
  10. In solid materials, the vibrational energy can be split into different wave modes when the wave encounters an interface at an angle other than 90 degrees.
  11. Ultrasonic reflections from the presence of discontinuities or geometric features enables detection and location. 
  12. The velocity of sound in a given material is constant and can only be altered by a change in the mode of energy.

References :
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound
www.ndt-ed.org
www.asnt.org

Related blogs :

http://techshoreinspections.blogspot.com/2017/01/Techshore-Inspection-Services-ndt-ultrasonic-testing.html
http://techshoreinspections.blogspot.com/2016/12/Techshore-Inspection-Services-liquid-penetrant-test.html
http://techshoreinspections.blogspot.com/2016/10/ultrasound-testing-techniques-contact.html
http://techshoreinspections.blogspot.com/2016/10/ultrasound-testing-technique-through.html
http://techshoreinspections.blogspot.com/2016/10/ultrasound-testing-techniques-pulse.html
http://techshoreinspections.blogspot.com/2016/10/ultrasonic-testing-techniques.html
http://techshoreinspections.blogspot.com/2016/10/ultrasound-generation-principles-of.html
http://techshoreinspections.blogspot.com/2016/10/ndt-ultrasonic-testing-beam-explained.html
http://techshoreinspections.blogspot.com/2016/10/introduction-to-ndt-non-destructive.html
http://techshoreinspections.blogspot.com/2016/09/techshore-non-destructive-testing-ndt.html
http://techshoreinspections.blogspot.com/2016/09/techshore-inspection-services-explains_6.html

Documents : 

https://www.slideshare.net/techshoreinspectionservices/civil-engineering-process-of-well-treatment-techshore
https://www.slideshare.net/techshoreinspectionservices/ndt-ultrasonic-testing-techshore
https://www.slideshare.net/techshoreinspectionservices/ndt-liquid-penetration-test-techshore

Additional references:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCfufdF0-Hs3sLu1IX52ZJYA/videos
http://techshore.in/blog
http://techshore-updates.blogspot.in/
https://techshore-inspection-services.blogspot.in/
https://techshoreinspectionservices.blogspot.in/
https://techshoreinspections.blogspot.in/


You Tube Tutorials :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bfW1eL0aTlU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URlwZ3R94u8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6w9Cl58-p34
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZVnsx5VC77g
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ZD4je9Fbn8

Monday, October 10, 2016

NDT - UltraSonic Testing (Beam Explained) Session 02




Ultra sound beam

An Ultrasonic Beam produced by piexo electric crystal. Electricity is used to excite the crystal hence forth making it vibrate , the vibrational(mechanical) energy
is converted to waves which are used in the testing process.

An ultrasound beam consist of three zones
1.     Dead Zone

Its is referred distance travelled by wave during as crystal ringing time / crystal vibration time. Every probe has independent crystal ringing time .  No defects will be captured during this time.

2.     Near Zone

Near zone is adjacent to Dead zone. In Near Zone the intensity of sound is varying and does not have any consistence. Hence the defects detected in this zone    is either magnified or diminished once when compared with the actual defect due to varying sound intensity


3.     Far Zone

Far zone is the ideal zone for observing the defects. Here the intensity of sound decreases gradually / periodically, which means there exist a consistency for sound waves in the Far Zone.

Related blogs :

http://techshoreinspections.blogspot.com/2017/01/Techshore-Inspection-Services-ndt-ultrasonic-testing.html
http://techshoreinspections.blogspot.com/2016/12/Techshore-Inspection-Services-liquid-penetrant-test.html
http://techshoreinspections.blogspot.com/2016/10/ultrasound-testing-techniques-contact.html
http://techshoreinspections.blogspot.com/2016/10/ultrasound-testing-technique-through.html
http://techshoreinspections.blogspot.com/2016/10/ultrasound-testing-techniques-pulse.html
http://techshoreinspections.blogspot.com/2016/10/ultrasonic-testing-techniques.html
http://techshoreinspections.blogspot.com/2016/10/ultrasound-generation-principles-of.html
http://techshoreinspections.blogspot.com/2016/10/ndt-ultrasonic-testing-beam-explained.html
http://techshoreinspections.blogspot.com/2016/10/introduction-to-ndt-non-destructive.html
http://techshoreinspections.blogspot.com/2016/09/techshore-non-destructive-testing-ndt.html
http://techshoreinspections.blogspot.com/2016/09/techshore-inspection-services-explains_6.html

Documents : 

https://www.slideshare.net/techshoreinspectionservices/civil-engineering-process-of-well-treatment-techshore
https://www.slideshare.net/techshoreinspectionservices/ndt-ultrasonic-testing-techshore
https://www.slideshare.net/techshoreinspectionservices/ndt-liquid-penetration-test-techshore

Additional references:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCfufdF0-Hs3sLu1IX52ZJYA/videos
http://techshore.in/blog
http://techshore-updates.blogspot.in/
https://techshore-inspection-services.blogspot.in/
https://techshoreinspectionservices.blogspot.in/
https://techshoreinspections.blogspot.in/


You Tube Tutorials :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bfW1eL0aTlU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URlwZ3R94u8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6w9Cl58-p34
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZVnsx5VC77g
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ZD4je9Fbn8

Sunday, October 9, 2016

NDT - UltraSonicTesting : Session 1



Related blogs :

http://techshoreinspections.blogspot.com/2017/01/Techshore-Inspection-Services-ndt-ultrasonic-testing.html
http://techshoreinspections.blogspot.com/2016/12/Techshore-Inspection-Services-liquid-penetrant-test.html
http://techshoreinspections.blogspot.com/2016/10/ultrasound-testing-techniques-contact.html
http://techshoreinspections.blogspot.com/2016/10/ultrasound-testing-technique-through.html
http://techshoreinspections.blogspot.com/2016/10/ultrasound-testing-techniques-pulse.html
http://techshoreinspections.blogspot.com/2016/10/ultrasonic-testing-techniques.html
http://techshoreinspections.blogspot.com/2016/10/ultrasound-generation-principles-of.html
http://techshoreinspections.blogspot.com/2016/10/ndt-ultrasonic-testing-beam-explained.html
http://techshoreinspections.blogspot.com/2016/10/introduction-to-ndt-non-destructive.html
http://techshoreinspections.blogspot.com/2016/09/techshore-non-destructive-testing-ndt.html
http://techshoreinspections.blogspot.com/2016/09/techshore-inspection-services-explains_6.html

Documents : 

https://www.slideshare.net/techshoreinspectionservices/civil-engineering-process-of-well-treatment-techshore
https://www.slideshare.net/techshoreinspectionservices/ndt-ultrasonic-testing-techshore
https://www.slideshare.net/techshoreinspectionservices/ndt-liquid-penetration-test-techshore

Additional references:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCfufdF0-Hs3sLu1IX52ZJYA/videos
http://techshore.in/blog
http://techshore-updates.blogspot.in/
https://techshore-inspection-services.blogspot.in/
https://techshoreinspectionservices.blogspot.in/
https://techshoreinspections.blogspot.in/


You Tube Tutorials :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bfW1eL0aTlU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URlwZ3R94u8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6w9Cl58-p34
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZVnsx5VC77g
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ZD4je9Fbn8

Introduction to NDT (Non Destructive Testing)




NDT means Non Destructive Testing. Normally we may use two different types of testing methods such as destructive testing as well as non destructive testing for a test material. Destructive testing means we must destroy that particular test material and detect whether some defect is there or not.  In this case we cannot use that material afterwards. So we are going for NDT. Here we are not doing any harm to the test material so that we may reuse it. NDT mainly follows two different standards.
·       American Standards (ASNT)

·       British Standards.
In NDT we are mainly dealing four different types of testing methods.
Ø Ultrasonic Testing (UT)
Ø Liquid Penetrant Testing (LPT)
Ø Magnetic Particle Testing (MPT)
Ø Radiographic Testing (RT) 
Ultrasonic Testing (UT)
We are mainly using the Ultrasonic sounds waves for the testing. This method is commonly used for finding out the internal discontinuities present inside a test material. The sound waves will passes through the test materials and produce an echo.
Liquid Penetrant Testing (LPT)
LPT is the technique used for finding out surface discontinuity by applying a Penetrant on the surface of the test specimen.

Magnetic Particle Testing (MPT)
MPT also used for finding out surface discontinuity by utilizing the test specimens magnetizing property.
Radiographic Testing (RT)
RT is used for finding out internal discontinuity such as porous, cracks, voids. etc. This is done by making use of electromagnetic waves. And an image will be produced on the radiographic film. By analyzing the film we are able to find out the defect.

Techshore explains an Ultra Sound Beam

An Ultrasonic Beam produced by piexo electric crystal. Electricity is used to excite the crystal hence forth making it vibrate , the vibrational(mechanical) energy
is converted to waves which are used in the testing process.

An ultrasound beam consist of three zones
  1. Dead Zone
    Its is referred distance travelled by wave during as crystal ringing time / crystal vibration time. Every probe has independent crystal ringing time .  No defects will be captured during this time.
  2. Near Zone
    Near zone is adjacent to Dead zone. In Near Zone the intensity of sound is varying and does not have any consistence. Hence the defects detected in this zone    is either magnified or diminished once when compared with the actual defect due to varying sound intensity
  3. Far Zone
    Far zone is the ideal zone for observing the defects. Here the intensity of sound decreases gradually / periodically, which means there exist a consistency for sound waves in the Far Zone.
Video :





Additional references :
  1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonic_transducer
  2. https://books.google.co.in/books?id=KUd6bLOtrxoC&pg=PA6&lpg=PA6&dq=crystal+ringing+time+of+a+probe&source=bl&ots=7uE2o4icY7&sig=deGFnPsjM5zvPE_GrhpraDHmu5Q&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi2kO-t48zPAhWIQo8KHe5BCtIQ6AEIIDAB#v=onepage&q=crystal%20ringing%20time%20of%20a%20probe&f=false
  3. http://traktoria.org/files/sonar/transducer/simple_transducer_intro.pdf

   

Thursday, October 6, 2016

Techshore: Oil & Gas Artificial Lift : Part 1 - BEAM PUMP

Oil and Gas Artificial Lift
Artificial lift is mainly used for providing an additional energy. In case of oil drilling if the crude oil is not coming outside naturally means we will apply an additional force to pump the oil from the reservoir to the surface area. When the oil pressure reduces and it reaches a bubble point we will think about artificial lifts. They are mainly of four different types. First is beam pump. Here a beam is introduced and it is moving up and down. By this to and forth movement or reciprocating movement of the beam pump it will lift the oil upwards to the surface. The motor and pump are placed on the surface. The second method used in the advanced stage is called as Electrical submersible pumping (ESP). Here the motor and pump are placed inside the reservoir. As the motor operates the oil will enters inside the centrifugal pump by the external pressure which is excreted by the motor. The third method is Progressive cavity pumps (PCP). Here the pump will be inside the tube and the motor will be placed outside. In this method we are increasing the pressure inside the reservoir and pumping out the oil.

Wednesday, October 5, 2016

Techshore Inspection Services: Processing Steps of a Liquid Penetrant Inspection

Techshore Inspection Services: Processing Steps of a Liquid Penetrant Inspection: Basic Processing Steps of a Liquid Penetrant Inspection are . Surface Preparation: One of the most critical steps of a liquid penet...

Processing Steps of a Liquid Penetrant Inspection

Basic Processing Steps of a Liquid Penetrant Inspection are .

  1. Surface Preparation:
    One of the most critical steps of a liquid penetrant inspection is the surface preparation. The surface must be free of oil, grease, water, or other contaminants that may prevent penetrant from entering flaws. The sample may also require etching if mechanical operations such as machining, sanding, or grit blasting have been performed. These and other mechanical operations can smear metal over the flaw opening and prevent the penetrant from entering.


  2. Penetrant Application:
    Once the surface has been thoroughly cleaned and dried, the penetrant material is applied by spraying, brushing, or immersing the part in a penetrant bath.
  3. Penetrant Dwell:
    The penetrant is left on the surface for a sufficient time to allow as much penetrant as possible to be drawn from or to seep into a defect. Penetrant dwell time is the total time that the penetrant is in contact with the part surface. Dwell times are usually recommended by the penetrant producers or required by the specification being followed. The times vary depending on the application, penetrant materials used, the material, the form of the material being inspected, and the type of defect being inspected for. Minimum dwell times typically range from five to 60 minutes. Generally, there is no harm in using a longer penetrant dwell time as long as the penetrant is not allowed to dry. The ideal dwell time is often determined by experimentation and may be very specific to a particular application.

  4. Excess Penetrant Removal:
    This is the most delicate part of the inspection procedure because the excess penetrant must be removed from the surface of the sample while removing as little penetrant as possible from defects.  Depending on the penetrant system used, this step may involve cleaning with a solvent, direct rinsing with water, or first treating the part with an emulsifier and then rinsing with water.


  5. Developer Application:
    A thin layer of developer is then applied to the sample to draw penetrant trapped in flaws back to the surface where it will be visible. Developers come in a variety of forms that may be applied by dusting (dry powdered), dipping, or spraying (wet developers).
  6. Indication Development: The developer is allowed to stand on the part surface for a period of time sufficient to permit the extraction of the trapped penetrant out of any surface flaws. This development time is usually a minimum of 10 minutes.  Significantly longer times may be necessary for tight cracks.
  7. Inspection: Inspection is then performed under appropriate lighting to detect indications from any flaws which may be present.
  8. Clean Surface: The final step in the process is to thoroughly clean the part surface to remove the developer from the parts that were found to be acceptable.